{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T03:03:24Z","timestamp":1792724604019,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":189,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Dysphagia is a clinical hallmark and part of the current American College of Rheumatology\/European League Against Rheumatism (ACR\/EULAR) diagnostic criteria for idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM). However, the data on dysphagia in IIM are heterogenous and partly conflicting. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review on epidemiology, pathophysiology, outcome and therapy and a meta-analysis on the prevalence of dysphagia in IIM. (2) Methods: Medline was systematically searched for all relevant articles. A random effect model was chosen to estimate the pooled prevalence of dysphagia in the overall cohort of patients with IIM and in different subgroups. (3) Results: 234 studies were included in the review and 116 (10,382 subjects) in the meta-analysis. Dysphagia can occur as initial or sole symptom. The overall pooled prevalence estimate in IIM was 36% and with 56% particularly high in inclusion body myositis. The prevalence estimate was significantly higher in patients with cancer-associated myositis and with NXP2 autoantibodies. Dysphagia is caused by inflammatory involvement of the swallowing muscles, which can lead to reduced pharyngeal contractility, cricopharyngeal dysfunction, reduced laryngeal elevation and hypomotility of the esophagus. Swallowing disorders not only impair the quality of life but can lead to serious complications such as aspiration pneumonia, thus increasing mortality. Beneficial treatment approaches reported include immunomodulatory therapy, the treatment of associated malignant diseases or interventional procedures targeting the cricopharyngeal muscle such as myotomy, dilatation or botulinum toxin injections. (4) Conclusion: Dysphagia should be included as a therapeutic target, especially in the outlined high-risk groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9072150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T09:45:31Z","timestamp":1594374331000},"page":"2150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["The Impact of Dysphagia in Myositis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Bendix","family":"Labeit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Pawlitzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Ruck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Muhle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inga","family":"Claus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"Suntrup-Krueger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Warnecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven G.","family":"Meuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heinz","family":"Wiendl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Dziewas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sasegbon, A., and Hamdy, S. (2017). The anatomy and physiology of normal and abnormal swallowing in oropharyngeal dysphagia. Neurogastroenterol. Motil., 29.","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13100"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2013.09.006","article-title":"The normal swallow: Muscular and neurophysiological control","volume":"46","author":"Shaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000507","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2017-000507","article-title":"EULAR\/ACR classification criteria for adult and juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and their major subgroups: A methodology report","volume":"3","author":"Bottai","year":"2017","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s42466-019-0021-5","article-title":"Safety and clinical impact of FEES \u2013 results of the FEES-registry","volume":"1","author":"Dziewas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S97481","article-title":"Oropharyngeal dysphagia in older persons-from pathophysiology to adequate intervention: A review and summary of an international expert meeting","volume":"11","author":"Wirth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3109\/03009749709115827","article-title":"Occurrence of polymyositis in the county of Gavleborg, Sweden","volume":"26","author":"Weitoft","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-011-0814-y","article-title":"A dysphagia study in patients with sporadic inclusion body myositis (s-IBM)","volume":"33","author":"Murata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197502132920706","article-title":"Polymyositis and dermatomyositis (first of two parts)","volume":"292","author":"Bohan","year":"1975","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197502202920807","article-title":"Polymyositis and dermatomyositis (second of two parts)","volume":"292","author":"Bohan","year":"1975","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410380504","article-title":"Inclusion body myositis and myopathies","volume":"38","author":"Griggs","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70171-0","article-title":"Inclusion body myositis: Current pathogenetic concepts and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches","volume":"6","author":"Needham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2013.08.007","article-title":"188th ENMC International Workshop: Inclusion Body Myositis, 2\u20134 December 2011, Naarden, The Netherlands","volume":"23","author":"Rose","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-4-201302190-00009","article-title":"Assessing bias in studies of prognostic factors","volume":"158","author":"Hayden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neyeloff, J.L., Fuchs, S.C., and Moreira, L.B. (2012). Meta-analyses and Forest plots using a microsoft excel spreadsheet: Step-by-step guide focusing on descriptive data analysis. BMC Res. Notes, 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-52"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P.T., and Green, S. (2008). Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470712184"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., and Altman, D.G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-005-0884-y","article-title":"Inclusion body myositis. Clinical features and clinical course of the disease in 64 patients","volume":"252","author":"Badrising","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3176","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr213","article-title":"Long-term observational study of sporadic inclusion body myositis","volume":"134","author":"Benveniste","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. De Camargo, L.V., de Carvalho, M.S., Shinjo, S.K., de Oliveira, A.S.B., and Zanoteli, E. (2018). Clinical, Histological, and Immunohistochemical Findings in Inclusion Body Myositis. Biomed Res. Int., 2018, 5069042.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5069042"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"68","article-title":"Ten-year experience of juvenile dermatomyositis: A retrospective study","volume":"40","author":"Chiu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"205","article-title":"Polymyositis-dermatomyositis\u2014A 25-year follow-up of 50 patients (analysis of clinical symptoms and signs and results of laboratory tests)","volume":"22","author":"Maldykowa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mater. Med. Pol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-205127","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical characteristics of adult polymyositis and dermatomyositis; data from a large and unselected Norwegian cohort","volume":"74","author":"Dobloug","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/112.3.727","article-title":"Inclusion body myositis. Observations in 40 patients","volume":"112","author":"Lotz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20325","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulins for steroid-refractory esophageal involvement related to polymyositis and dermatomyositis: A series of 73 patients","volume":"62","author":"Marie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res. (Hoboken)"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"263","article-title":"Long-term prognosis of 69 patients with dermatomyositis or polymyositis","volume":"14","author":"Maugars","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.138891","article-title":"Sporadic inclusion body myositis: Phenotypic variability and influence of HLA-DR3 in a cohort of 57 Australian cases","volume":"79","author":"Needham","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-5229-9","article-title":"Detecting dysphagia in inclusion body myositis","volume":"256","author":"Cox","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2004.00764.x","article-title":"Adult-onset inflammatory myopathy: North Canterbury experience 1989-2001","volume":"35","author":"Lynn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Intern. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31818a50e2","article-title":"Dysphagia in inclusion body myositis: Clinical features, management, and clinical outcome","volume":"87","author":"Oh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.4065\/82.4.441","article-title":"Dysphagia in inflammatory myopathy: Clinical characteristics, treatment strategies, and outcome in 62 patients","volume":"82","author":"Oh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.6.1241","article-title":"Inclusion body myositis presenting solely as dysphagia","volume":"43","author":"Riminton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.4.471","article-title":"Biomechanics, diagnosis, and treatment outcome in inflammatory myopathy presenting as oropharyngeal dysphagia","volume":"52","author":"Williams","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00739","article-title":"Dysphagia as Isolated Manifestation of Jo-1 Associated Myositis?","volume":"10","author":"Labeit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000109755.65914.5e","article-title":"Long-term survival of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies according to clinical features: A longitudinal study of 162 cases","volume":"83","author":"Danko","year":"2004","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltim.)"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000000365","article-title":"Clinical and Prognostic Factors Associated With Survival in Mexican Patients with Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies","volume":"22","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2000000500001","article-title":"Diagnosis of dermatomyositis and polymyositis: A study of 102 cases","volume":"58","author":"Scola","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.110320","article-title":"Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy associated with malignancy: A retrospective cohort of 151 Korean patients with dermatomyositis and polymyositis","volume":"38","author":"So","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25507","article-title":"High-resolution manometry in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy: Elevated prevalence of esophageal involvement and differences according to autoantibody status and clinical subset","volume":"56","author":"Mego","year":"2017","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-211868","article-title":"The EuroMyositis registry: An international collaborative tool to facilitate myositis research","volume":"77","author":"Lilleker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3109\/s10165-010-0362-y","article-title":"Incidence and predictive factors for malignancies in 136 Japanese patients with dermatomyositis, polymyositis and clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis","volume":"21","author":"Azuma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"615","article-title":"Incidence and predictive factors for malignancies with dermatomyositis: A cohort from southern China","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-016-3296-8","article-title":"Malignancy in dermatomyositis and polymyositis: Analysis of 192 patients","volume":"35","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew215","article-title":"Temporal relationship between cancer and myositis identifies two distinctive subgroups of cancers: Impact on cancer risk and survival in patients with myositis","volume":"55","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxf.)"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mugii, N., Hasegawa, M., Matsushita, T., Hamaguchi, Y., Oohata, S., Okita, H., Yahata, T., Someya, F., Inoue, K., and Murono, S. (2016). Oropharyngeal Dysphagia in Dermatomyositis: Associations with Clinical and Laboratory Features Including Autoantibodies. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154746"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-013-2910-1","article-title":"Cancer-associated myositis: A 35-year retrospective study of a monocentric cohort","volume":"34","author":"Neri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23188","article-title":"Antinuclear Matrix Protein 2 Autoantibodies and Edema, Muscle Disease, and Malignancy Risk in Dermatomyositis Patients","volume":"69","author":"Albayda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res. (Hoboken)"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-019-04503-7","article-title":"The spectrum and clinical significance of myositis-specific autoantibodies in Chinese patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23210","article-title":"Cutaneous and Systemic Findings Associated With Nuclear Matrix Protein 2 Antibodies in Adult Dermatomyositis Patients","volume":"69","author":"Rogers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res. (Hoboken)"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e31829d08f9","article-title":"The myositis autoantibody phenotypes of the juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","volume":"92","author":"Rider","year":"2013","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltim.)"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4612","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI81031","article-title":"Development of autoantibodies against muscle-specific FHL1 in severe inflammatory myopathies","volume":"125","author":"Albrecht","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00240-6","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of anti-SAE antibodies in Chinese patients with dermatomyositis in comparison with different patient cohorts","volume":"7","author":"Ge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge, Y., Lu, X., Peng, Q., Shu, X., and Wang, G. (2015). Clinical Characteristics of Anti-3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Antibodies in Chinese Patients with Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141616"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-310008","article-title":"Seropositivity for NT5c1A antibody in sporadic inclusion body myositis predicts more severe motor, bulbar and respiratory involvement","volume":"87","author":"Goyal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.052191","article-title":"Anti-signal recognition particle autoantibodies: Marker of a necrotising myopathy","volume":"65","author":"Hengstman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-313166","article-title":"Clinical features and prognosis in anti-SRP and anti-HMGCR necrotising myopathy","volume":"87","author":"Watanabe","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.0934","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle Involvement in Antisynthetase Syndrome","volume":"74","author":"Noguchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.11.023","article-title":"Association of antinuclear antibody status with clinical features and malignancy risk in adult-onset dermatomyositis","volume":"80","author":"Hoesly","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azola, A., Mulheren, R., Mckeon, G., Lloyd, T., Christopher-Stine, L., Palmer, J., and Chung, T.H. Dysphagia in myositis: A study of the structural and physiologic changes resulting in disordered swallowing. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 2019.","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001354"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"346","article-title":"Polymyositis and the Spectrum of Scleroderma Disorders","volume":"3","author":"Cochicho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Case Rep. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.02.010","article-title":"The effects of lingual intervention in a patient with inclusion body myositis and Sjogren\u2019s syndrome: A longitudinal case study","volume":"93","author":"Malandraki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1155\/2004\/360537","article-title":"Injection of botulinum toxin A to the upper esophageal sphincter for oropharyngeal dysphagia in two patients with inclusion body myositis","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcpc010026","article-title":"Case 26-2001","volume":"345","author":"Korn","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1992.01880030103021","article-title":"Management of dysphagia in inclusion body myositis","volume":"118","author":"Darrow","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"462","article-title":"A woman with difficulty swallowing","volume":"90","author":"Tierney","year":"1997","journal-title":"Tenn. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensci.2019.100204","article-title":"Effect of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy on anti-NT5C1A antibody-positive inclusion body myositis after successful treatment of hepatitis C: A case report","volume":"16","author":"Takamiya","year":"2019","journal-title":"eNeurologicalSci"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.09.014","article-title":"Five-year history of dysphagia as a sole initial symptom in inclusion body myositis","volume":"381","author":"Shibata","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.14740\/gr841w","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Dermatomyositis Syndrome Presenting as Dysphagia","volume":"10","author":"Ofori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.07.031","article-title":"Botulinum toxin alleviates dysphagia of patients with inclusion body myositis","volume":"380","author":"Schrey","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1080\/03009742.2017.1350747","article-title":"A rare association of anti-alanine-transfer RNA synthetase (anti-PL12) syndrome and sporadic inclusion body myositis","volume":"47","author":"Giannini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"4817275","article-title":"NXP-2 Positive Dermatomyositis: A Unique Clinical Presentation","volume":"2017","author":"Butt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Rep. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003337","article-title":"Evaluation of dysphagia by novel real-time MRI","volume":"87","author":"Olthoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-016-2586-x","article-title":"Botulinum toxin and rehabilitation treatment in inclusion body myositis for severe oropharyngeal dysphagia","volume":"37","author":"Masiero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000000252","article-title":"Recovery of barium swallow radiographic abnormalities in a patient with dermatomyositis and severe dysphagia after high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins","volume":"21","author":"Iannone","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000000225","article-title":"Characteristic dysphagia as a manifestation of dermatomyositis on oropharyngeal muscle imaging","volume":"21","author":"Eura","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489414525588","article-title":"Dysphagia due to inclusion body myositis: Case presentation and review of the literature","volume":"123","author":"Ko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"453","article-title":"Life-threatening oropharyngeal aphagia as the major manifestation of dermatomyositis","volume":"15","author":"Dagan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-011-9384-7","article-title":"Pharyngeal dysphagia in inflammatory muscle diseases resulting from impaired suprahyoid musculature","volume":"27","author":"Langdon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4137\/CCRep.S10200","article-title":"Balloon dilation in sporadic inclusion body myositis patients with Dysphagia","volume":"6","author":"Murata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.2298\/VSP0908671D","article-title":"Oropharyngeal dysphagia as dominant and life-threatening symptom in dermatomyositis","volume":"66","author":"Dakovic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vojnosanit. Pregl."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2009.04.007","article-title":"Polymyositis with dysphagia treated with endoscopic balloon dilatation","volume":"36","author":"Nagano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2004.01671.x","article-title":"Dysphagia in dermatomyositis secondary to bladder cancer: Rapid response to combined immunoglobulin and methylprednisolone","volume":"30","author":"Hafejee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2004.02.024","article-title":"Oropharyngeal dysphagia in polymyositis\/dermatomyositis","volume":"107","author":"Ertekin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1097\/00131402-200403000-00008","article-title":"Pharyngeal Dysphagia in dermatomyositis: Responsive to cyclophosphamide","volume":"5","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neuromuscul. Dis."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.7.1001","article-title":"Polymyositis masquerading as motor neuron disease","volume":"60","author":"Ryan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.2.326","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin for dysphagia of inclusion body myositis","volume":"58","author":"Cherin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-001-0082-8","article-title":"Cricopharyngeal muscle hypertrophy associated with florid myositis","volume":"16","author":"Bachmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0508","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000010508","article-title":"A case report of life-threatening acute dysphagia in dermatomyositis: Challenges in diagnosis and treatment","volume":"97","author":"Kwon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltim.)"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s002960000093","article-title":"Acute inflammatory myopathy with severe subcutaneous edema, a new variant? Report of two cases and review of the literature","volume":"20","author":"Gorelik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.57.6.331","article-title":"Postural changes, dysphagia, and systemic sclerosis","volume":"57","author":"Barrera","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02238774","article-title":"Megaoesophagus in a patient affected by dermatomyositis","volume":"16","author":"Caramaschi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949610500501","article-title":"Inflammatory myopathy causing pharyngeal dysphagia: A new entity","volume":"105","author":"Shapiro","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1177\/014556139407300109","article-title":"Swallowing disorders in muscular diseases: Functional assessment and indications of cricopharyngeal myotomy","volume":"73","author":"Perie","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01351476","article-title":"Kinematic pharyngeal transit times in myopathy: Evaluation for dysphagia","volume":"8","author":"Johnson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880140514","article-title":"Inclusion body myositis with cricopharyngeus muscle involvement and severe dysphagia","volume":"14","author":"Verma","year":"1991","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"436","article-title":"Inclusion body myositis associated with progressive dysphagia: Treatment with cricopharyngeal myotomy. Can","volume":"16","author":"Danon","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.51.12.1542","article-title":"Dysphagia in inclusion body myositis","volume":"51","author":"Wintzen","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780280606","article-title":"Cricopharyngeal obstruction in inflammatory myopathy (polymyositis\/dermatomyositis). Report of three cases and review of the literature","volume":"28","author":"Kagen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1983.00350120052013","article-title":"The esophageal motility disorder of polymyositis. A prospective study","volume":"143","author":"Jacob","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780260804","article-title":"Esophageal abnormalities and dysphagia in polymyositis and dermatomyositis","volume":"26","author":"Verity","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780230412","article-title":"Cricopharyngeal muscle dysfunction in the differential diagnosis of dysphagia in polymyositis","volume":"23","author":"Dietz","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.1978.88.1.147","article-title":"Dermatomyositis: A vocal and swallowing disease entity","volume":"88","author":"Metheny","year":"1978","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1973.00780020442018","article-title":"Cricopharyngeal achalasia in dermatomyositis","volume":"98","author":"Porubsky","year":"1973","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1972.00320060132019","article-title":"Polymyositis masquerading as carcinoma of the cervical esophagus","volume":"129","author":"Thomas","year":"1972","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1148\/89.1.27","article-title":"The esophageal lesions in dermatomyositis. A correlation of radiologic and pathologic findings","volume":"89","author":"Szemes","year":"1967","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1177\/000348946006900422","article-title":"Esophageal defects in dermatomyositis","volume":"69","author":"Donoghue","year":"1960","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200109000-00006","article-title":"Inclusion body myositis in Connecticut: Observations in 35 patients during an 8-year period","volume":"80","author":"Felice","year":"2001","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltim.)"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2006.09.011","article-title":"Movement of the hyoid bone and the epiglottis during swallowing in patients with dysphagia from different etiologies","volume":"18","author":"Paik","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"1016","article-title":"Acute cricopharyngeal obstruction in dermatomyositis","volume":"15","author":"Vencovsky","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"1255","article-title":"Clinical spectrum of inflammatory myositis in South India\u2014A ten year study","volume":"50","author":"Porkodi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians India"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199807000-00009","article-title":"Dysphagia in patients with inclusion body myositis","volume":"108","author":"Houser","year":"1998","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"680","article-title":"Isolated dysphagia due to polymyositis","volume":"16","author":"Palace","year":"1993","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(22)02522-2","article-title":"Radiologic diagnosis of disordered esophageal motility: A unified physiologic approach","volume":"14","author":"Margulis","year":"1976","journal-title":"Radiol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"673","article-title":"Head and neck manifestations of dermatomyositis-polymyositis","volume":"93","author":"Cunningham","year":"1985","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"2706","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulins as treatment of life threatening esophageal involvement in polymyositis and dermatomyositis","volume":"26","author":"Marie","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"353","article-title":"Participation of smooth muscles in dermatomyositis","volume":"228","author":"Engel","year":"1967","journal-title":"I. Arch. Klin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"98","article-title":"The prognosis of adult dermatomyositis","volume":"57","author":"Degos","year":"1971","journal-title":"Trans. St Johns. Hosp. Dermatol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Sousa Gameiro, R., Reis, A.I.A., Grilo, A.C., and Noronha, C. (2018). Following leads: Connecting dysphagia to mixed connective tissue disease. BMJ Case Rep., 2018.","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2017-223699"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1159\/000493919","article-title":"A Rare Cause of Dysphagia and Weight Loss","volume":"12","author":"Gyorffy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2017.433","article-title":"Eosinophilic Esophageal Myositis a Plausible Cause of Histological Changes of Primary Jackhammer Esophagus: A Case Report","volume":"113","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672-e41","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12627","article-title":"High prevalence of inclusion body myositis in Norway; a population-based clinical epidemiology study","volume":"22","author":"Dobloug","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"838","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of sporadic inclusion body myositis treated with intravenous immunoglobulin: A retrospective study of 16 patients","volume":"30","author":"Dobloug","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reuma.2011.06.009","article-title":"Dermatomyositis and meningioma in the same patient","volume":"8","author":"Almodovar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reumatol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-006-0168-6","article-title":"Cyclosporine A as treatment of esophageal involvement in dermatomyositis","volume":"27","author":"Mii","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s002960100137","article-title":"Association of inclusion body myositis with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus","volume":"21","author":"Wenzel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-0172(96)80025-4","article-title":"Distinctive features of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies in French Canadians","volume":"26","author":"Uthman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/18.2.166","article-title":"Dermatomyositis associated with Lyme disease: Case report and review of Lyme myositis","volume":"18","author":"Horowitz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(86)90944-3","article-title":"Abnormalities of gastric and esophageal emptying in polymyositis and dermatomyositis","volume":"90","author":"Horowitz","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196406042702303","article-title":"Aperistalsis of the esophagus in patients with connective-tissue disorders and raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"270","author":"Stevens","year":"1964","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199905000-00001","article-title":"Influence of age on characteristics of polymyositis and dermatomyositis in adults","volume":"78","author":"Marie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltim.)"},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"2230","article-title":"Polymyositis and dermatomyositis: Short term and longterm outcome, and predictive factors of prognosis","volume":"28","author":"Marie","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"174","article-title":"Focal myositis of esophagus: A distinct inflammatory pseudotumor mimicking esophageal malignancy","volume":"92","author":"Chiang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00178473","article-title":"Muscle pathology in idiopathic cricopharyngeal dysphagia. Enzyme histochemical and electron microscopic findings","volume":"249","author":"Laurikainen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100063866","article-title":"The larynx in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"79","author":"Wolman","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.46.0068","article-title":"Dysphagia due to inflammation of oral muscles as the first symptom of dermatomyositis","volume":"46","author":"Otao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3712","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21614","article-title":"Dysphagia after testicular cancer","volume":"52","author":"Curiel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00108-012-3225-0","article-title":"Severe dysphagia and erythrodermia in a 59-year-old man","volume":"54","author":"Zuber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Internist (Berl.)"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.3109\/03009740903555366","article-title":"Comparison between swallowing-related and limb muscle involvement in dermatomyositis patients","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem131","article-title":"Oropharyngeal dysphagia in juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM): An evaluation of videofluoroscopy swallow study (VFSS) changes in relation to clinical symptoms and objective muscle scores","volume":"46","author":"McCann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxf.)"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm16028","article-title":"Failed Deglutitive Upper Esophageal Sphincter Relaxation Is a Risk Factor for Aspiration in Stroke Patients with Oropharyngeal Dysphagia","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.61.5.491","article-title":"Piecemeal deglutition and dysphagia limit in normal subjects and in patients with swallowing disorders","volume":"61","author":"Ertekin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2012.07.2370","article-title":"Evaluating swallowing muscles essential for hyolaryngeal elevation by using muscle functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"85","author":"Pearson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00334-4","article-title":"Management of upper esophageal sphincter disorders: Indications and complications of myotomy","volume":"108","author":"Kelly","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"165","article-title":"Prognosis of dysphagia in dermatomyositis","volume":"37","author":"Muro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780140210","article-title":"Factors affecting survivorship in polymyositis. A life-table study of 124 patients","volume":"14","author":"Medsger","year":"1971","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"207","article-title":"Survival in polymyositis: Corticosteroids and risk factors","volume":"4","author":"Carpenter","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25686","article-title":"Burden of illness and healthcare resource use in United States patients with sporadic inclusion body myositis","volume":"56","author":"Capkun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.2.296","article-title":"Disease progression in sporadic inclusion body myositis: Observations in 78 patients","volume":"55","author":"Peng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3233\/JND-150138","article-title":"Mortality and Causes of Death in Patients with Sporadic Inclusion Body Myositis: Survey Study Based on the Clinical Experience of Specialists in Australia, Europe and the USA","volume":"3","author":"Price","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuromuscul. Dis."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780280303","article-title":"Prognostic factors in polymyositis\/dermatomyositis. A computer-assisted analysis of ninety-two cases","volume":"28","author":"Benbassat","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-0172(86)90014-4","article-title":"Adult onset polymyositis\/dermatomyositis: An analysis of clinical and laboratory features and survival in 76 patients with a review of the literature","volume":"15","author":"Hochberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-017-3901-5","article-title":"Predictors of changes in disease activity among children with juvenile dermatomyositis enrolled in the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA) Legacy Registry","volume":"37","author":"Challa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-015-0277-y","article-title":"Inflammatory myopathy with anti-signal recognition particle antibodies: Case series of 100 patients","volume":"10","author":"Suzuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.1997.tb03595.x","article-title":"Characteristics of juvenile dermatomyositis in Japan","volume":"39","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cnop, K., Martinez, B., and Austad, K.E. (2019). Resistant dermatomyositis in a rural indigenous Maya woman. BMJ Case Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2017-223886"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v17i2.38","article-title":"Recovery from severe dysphagia in systemic sclerosis-myositis overlap: A case report","volume":"17","author":"Chinniah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Afr. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0000000000000175","article-title":"Pulse Dose Methylprednisolone Therapy for Adult Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy","volume":"22","author":"Raghu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Ther."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203310376637","article-title":"Severe and refractory myositis in mixed connective tissue disease: A description of a rare case","volume":"19","author":"Bonin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.42.1035","article-title":"Familial inclusion body myositis: A report on two Japanese sisters","volume":"42","author":"Tateyama","year":"2003","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s100670050032","article-title":"Efficacy of early treatment of severe juvenile dermatomyositis with intravenous methylprednisolone and methotrexate","volume":"19","author":"Bahabri","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcps1509470","article-title":"Clinical Problem-Solving. Eye of the Beholder","volume":"374","author":"MacFarlane","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-014-2512-7","article-title":"Inflammatory myopathy with anti-SRP antibodies: Case series of a South Australian cohort","volume":"34","author":"Basnayake","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e151","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13460","article-title":"Generalized acute subcutaneous edema as a rare cutaneous manifestation of severe dermatomyositis","volume":"30","author":"Watanabe","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-008-0716-z","article-title":"Anasarca: Not a nephrotic syndrome but dermatomyositis","volume":"167","author":"Zedan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_164","first-page":"8887","article-title":"Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia with inflammatory myopathy","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.2010.00646.x","article-title":"Dermatomyositis and pemphigus vulgaris: Association or coincidence?","volume":"52","author":"Black","year":"2011","journal-title":"Australas. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-010-1570-8","article-title":"Polymyositis associated with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism: Two cases and review of the literature","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.51.5.728","article-title":"Chronic focal polymyositis","volume":"51","author":"Noda","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2014.04.004","article-title":"Dermatomyositis presenting with severe subcutaneous edema: Five additional cases and review of the literature","volume":"44","author":"Milisenda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e149","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2018-0928","article-title":"Creatine kinase elevation: A neglected clue to the diagnosis of polymyositis. A case report","volume":"57","author":"Sitzia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alqatari, S., Riddell, P., Harney, S., Henry, M., and Murphy, G. (2018). MDA-5 associated rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease with recurrent Pneumothoraces: A case report. BMC Pulm. Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-018-0622-8"},{"key":"ref_171","first-page":"438","article-title":"Severe dysphagia, myalgia, and rash in a 55-year-old man","volume":"14","author":"Prossliner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuoka, N., Asano, T., Sato, S., Sasajima, T., Fujita, Y., Temmoku, J., Yashiro Furuya, M., Matsumoto, H., Suzuki, E., and Kobayashi, H. (2019). A case of dermatomyositis complicated with pleural effusion and massive ascites. Fukushima J. Med. Sci.","DOI":"10.5387\/fms.2019-09"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23895","article-title":"Subcutaneous immunoglobulin treatment of inclusion-body myositis stabilizes dysphagia","volume":"48","author":"Pars","year":"2013","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-7682-1-12","article-title":"Dysphagia secondary to dermatomyositis treated successfully with intravenous immunoglobulin: A case report","volume":"1","author":"Joshi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Med."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-008-0520-0","article-title":"Acute dermatomyositis associated with generalized subcutaneous edema","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.3.712","article-title":"Treatment of inclusion-body myositis with IVIg: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"48","author":"Dalakas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1159\/000441490","article-title":"Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Use in Inclusion Body Myositis: A Review of 6 Cases","volume":"7","author":"Cherin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Rep. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_178","first-page":"458231","article-title":"High-dose subcutaneous immunoglobulins for the treatment of severe treatment-resistant polymyositis","volume":"2014","author":"Patrick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Case Rep. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/CND.0000000000000148","article-title":"Immune Myopathy With Perimysial Pathology Associated With Interstitial Lung Disease and Anti-EJ Antibodies","volume":"18","author":"Kwon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neuromuscul. Dis."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-016-0816-8","article-title":"A mild form of dermatomyositis as a prodromal sign of lung adenocarcinoma: A case report","volume":"10","author":"Papakonstantinou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-015-0534-5","article-title":"A rare case of severe myositis as paraneoplastic syndrome on breast cancer","volume":"13","author":"Dias","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340600935235","article-title":"Dermatomyositis as first presentation of ovarian cancer","volume":"85","author":"Venhuizen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_183","first-page":"7050981","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Dermatomyositis Associated with Metastatic Seminoma","volume":"2016","author":"Yoshie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep. Urol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1159\/000439519","article-title":"Exacerbation of Dermatomyositis with Recurrence of Rectal Cancer: A Case Report","volume":"8","author":"Nagano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Rep. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2147\/OARRR.S231195","article-title":"Myositis Specific Autoantibodies: A Clinical Perspective","volume":"12","author":"Alenzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Access Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-018-4216-x","article-title":"Calcinosis and malignancy are rare in Chinese adult patients with myositis and nuclear matrix protein 2 antibodies identified by an unlabeled immunoprecipitation assay","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-009-0045-y","article-title":"Orbital myositis: Diagnosis and management","volume":"9","author":"Costa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2011.11.006","article-title":"Prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Kalf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-002-0054-7","article-title":"Aspiration risk after acute stroke: Comparison of clinical examination and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing","volume":"17","author":"Leder","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dysphagia"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/7\/2150\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:48:47Z","timestamp":1760176127000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/7\/2150"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]},"references-count":189,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm9072150"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9072150","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]]}}}