{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T13:15:11Z","timestamp":1778591711915,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,26]],"date-time":"2020-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and aim: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment for patients with severe therapy-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). After initiating DBS many patients still require medication and\/or behavioral therapy to deal with persisting symptoms and habitual behaviors. The clinical practice of administering postoperative cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) varies widely, and there are no clinical guidelines for this add-on therapy. The aim of this review is to assess the efficacy, timing and procedural aspects of postoperative CBT in OCD patients treated with DBS. Method: Systematic review of literature. Results: The search yielded 5 original studies, one case series and three reviews. Only two clinical trials have explicitly focused on the effectiveness of CBT added to DBS in patients with therapy-resistant OCD. These two studies both showed effectiveness of CBT. However, they had a distinctly different design, very small sample sizes and different ways of administering the therapy. Therefore, no firm conclusions can be drawn or recommendations made for administering CBT after DBS for therapy-resistant OCD. Conclusion: The effectiveness, timing and procedural aspects of CBT added to DBS in therapy-resistant OCD have hardly been studied. Preliminary evidence indicates that CBT has an added effect in OCD patients being treated with DBS. Since the overall treatment effect is the combined result of DBS, medication and CBT, future trials should be designed in such a way that they allow quantification of the effects of these add-on therapies in OCD patients treated with DBS. Only in this way information can be gathered that contributes to the development of an algorithm and clinical guidelines for concomittant therapies to optimize treatment effects in OCD patients being treated with DBS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]],"date-time":"2020-07-27T09:24:49Z","timestamp":1595841889000},"page":"2383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effectiveness, Timing and Procedural Aspects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy after Deep Brain Stimulation for Therapy-Resistant Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Meltem","family":"G\u00f6rmezo\u011flu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Ondokuz May\u0131s University, 55270 Samsun, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Bouwens van der Vlis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koen","family":"Schruers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Ackermans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mircea","family":"Polosan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, University of Grenoble Alpes, 38058 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert F.G.","family":"Leentjens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.333.7565.424","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"333","author":"Heyman","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61729-2","article-title":"Years lived with disability (YLD) for 1160 sequelae 289 diseases and injuries 1990\u2013210: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Vos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S211117","article-title":"Exposure and Response Prevention in the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Current Perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Law","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. 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