{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T14:48:49Z","timestamp":1783003729591,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]],"date-time":"2020-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SNF 32003B_176119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SNF 32003B_176119"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015758","name":"Novo Nordisk Pharma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["This study was sponsored by an unrestricted educational grant from Novo Nordisk. The funding body did not take part in the design of the study, the collection, analysis, interpretation of data or in the writing of the manuscript."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["This study was sponsored by an unrestricted educational grant from Novo Nordisk. The funding body did not take part in the design of the study, the collection, analysis, interpretation of data or in the writing of the manuscript."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015758","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objectives of this study were to (a) assess the utility of fetal anthropometric variables to predict the most relevant adverse neonatal outcomes in a treated population with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) beyond the known impact of maternal anthropometric and metabolic parameters and (b) to identify the most important fetal predictors. A total of 189 patients with GDM were included. The fetal predictors included sonographically assessed fetal weight centile (FWC), FWC &gt; 90% and &lt;10%, and fetal abdominal circumference centile (FACC), FACC &gt; 90% and &lt; 10%, at 29 0\/7 to 35 6\/7 weeks. Neonatal outcomes comprising neonatal weight centile (NWC), large and small for gestational age (LGA, SGA), hypoglycemia, prematurity, hospitalization for neonatal complication, and (emergency) cesarean section were evaluated. Regression analyses were conducted. Fetal variables predicted anthropometric neonatal outcomes, prematurity, cesarean section and emergency cesarean section. These associations were independent of maternal anthropometric and metabolic predictors, with the exception of cesarean section. FWC was the most significant predictor for NWC, LGA and SGA, while FACC was the most significant predictor for prematurity and FACC &gt; 90% for emergency cesarean section. In women with GDM, third-trimester fetal anthropometric parameters have an important role in predicting adverse neonatal outcomes beyond the impact of maternal predictors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,30]],"date-time":"2020-07-30T03:36:38Z","timestamp":1596080198000},"page":"2409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Main Fetal Predictors of Adverse Neonatal Outcomes in Pregnancies with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8089-7908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria-Christina","family":"Antoniou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Service, Department Woman Mother Child, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0580-0141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leah","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetric Service, Department Woman Mother Child, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justine","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetric Service, Department Woman Mother Child, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5803-3233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Beno\u00eet","family":"Rossel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetric Service, Department Woman Mother Child, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line Julie Fischer","family":"Fumeaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Neonatology, Department Woman Mother Child, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvan","family":"Vial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetric Service, Department Woman Mother Child, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jardena Jacqueline","family":"Puder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetric Service, Department Woman Mother Child, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13857","article-title":"Fasting glycaemia to simplify screening for gestational diabetes","volume":"123","author":"Jornayvaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2014.08.004","article-title":"The offspring of the diabetic mother--short- and long-term implications","volume":"29","author":"Mitanchez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antoniou, M.C., Gilbert, L., Gross, J., Rossel, J.B., Fischer Fumeaux, C.J., Vial, Y., and Puder, J.J. (2019). Potentially modifiable predictors of adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes in pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus: Can they help for future risk stratification and risk-adapted patient care?. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2610-2"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, N., Liu, E., Guo, J., Pan, L., Li, B., Wang, P., Liu, J., Wang, Y., Liu, G., and Baccarelli, A.A. (2013). Maternal prepregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain on pregnancy outcomes. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082310"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barquiel, B., Herranz, L., Hillman, N., Burgos, M.A., Grande, C., Tukia, K.M., Bartha, J.L., and Pallardo, L.F. (2016). HbA1c and Gestational Weight Gain Are Factors that Influence Neonatal Outcome in Mothers with Gestational Diabetes. J. Womens Health (Larchmt).","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2015.5432"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4103\/1658-631X.194256","article-title":"Reliability of sonographic estimation of fetal weight: A study of three tertiary hospitals in Nigeria","volume":"5","author":"Eze","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi J. Med. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.05.002","article-title":"Neonatal and fetal growth charts to identify preterm infants <30 weeks gestation at risk of adverse outcomes","volume":"219","author":"Boghossian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.852171","article-title":"Association of third-trimester abdominal circumference with provider-initiated preterm delivery","volume":"27","author":"Hawkins","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.11.1904","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial using glycemic plus fetal ultrasound parameters versus glycemic parameters to determine insulin therapy in gestational diabetes with fasting hyperglycemia","volume":"24","author":"Kjos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.2.297","article-title":"A randomized trial evaluating a predominantly fetal growth-based strategy to guide management of gestational diabetes in Caucasian women","volume":"27","author":"Kjos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S1262-3636(07)70114-3","article-title":"Flexible treatment of gestational diabetes modulated on ultrasound evaluation of intrauterine growth: A controlled randomized clinical trial","volume":"30","author":"Bonomo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-7071(00)00153-4","article-title":"Abdominal circumference vs. estimated weight to predict large for gestational age birth weight in diabetic pregnancy","volume":"24","author":"Holcomb","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel (2010). International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Recommendations on the Diagnosis and Classification of Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy. Diabetes Care, 33, 676\u2013682.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1848"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2020). Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20142020. Diabetes Care, 43, S183\u2013S192.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-S014"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4227","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2465","article-title":"Diabetes and Pregnancy: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"98","author":"Blumer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Diab\u00e8te programme Cantonal, V. (2017). Recommendations Pour la Pratique Clinique, Programme Cantonal Diab\u00e8te."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Arditi, C., Burnand, B., and Puder, J. (2020, February 17). Recommendations Pour la Pratique Clinique. Available online: http:\/\/recodiab.ch\/RPC22_diabete_gestationnel_20171102.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(85)90298-4","article-title":"Estimation of fetal weight with the use of head, body, and femur measurements\u2014A prospective study","volume":"151","author":"Hadlock","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61490-2","article-title":"International standards for fetal growth based on serial ultrasound measurements: The Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project","volume":"384","author":"Papageorghiou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60932-6","article-title":"International standards for newborn weight, length, and head circumference by gestational age and sex: The Newborn Cross-Sectional Study of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project","volume":"384","author":"Villar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Tolsa, J.-F., Truttmann, A., Giannoni, E., Muehlethaler, V., Fischer, C., and Roth-Kleiner, M. (2013). Vademecum de Neonatologie, CHUV. [12 December 2013 ed.]."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(96)00236-3","article-title":"A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis","volume":"49","author":"Peduzzi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70136-4","article-title":"The accuracy of intrapartum ultrasonographic fetal weight estimation in diabetic pregnancies","volume":"177","author":"Alsulyman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12776","article-title":"Is ultrasound measured fetal biometry predictive of intrapartum caesarean section for failure to progress?","volume":"58","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/8\/2409\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:52:16Z","timestamp":1760176336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/8\/2409"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm9082409"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9082409","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,28]]}}}