{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:41:39Z","timestamp":1791499299968,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Germinal matrix-intraventricular-intraparenchymal hemorrhage (GMH-IVH-IPH) is a major complication of very preterm births before 32 weeks of gestation (WG). Despite progress in clinical management, its incidence remains high before 27 WG. In addition, severe complications may occur such as post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus and\/or periventricular intraparenchymal hemorrhage. IVH is strongly associated with subsequent neurodevelopmental disabilities. For this review, an automated literature search and a clustering approach were applied to allow efficient filtering as well as topic clusters identification. We used a programmatic literature search for research articles related to intraventricular hemorrhage in preterms that were published between January 1990 and February 2020. Two queries ((Intraventricular hemorrhage) AND (preterm)) were used in PubMed. This search resulted in 1093 articles. The data manual curation left 368 documents that formed 12 clusters. The presentation and discussion of the clusters provide a comprehensive overview of existing data on the pathogenesis, complications, neuroprotection and biomarkers of GMH-IVH-IPH in very preterm infants. Clinicians should consider that the GMH-IVH-IPH pathogenesis is mainly due to developmental immaturity of the germinal matrix and cerebral autoregulation impairment. New multiomics investigations of intraventricular hemorrhage could foster the development of predictive biomarkers for the benefit of very preterm newborns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]],"date-time":"2020-07-31T04:15:31Z","timestamp":1596168931000},"page":"2447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Very Preterm Infants: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Vianney","family":"Gilard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Rouen University Hospital, 76000 Rouen, France"},{"name":"Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, 76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8901-2678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdellah","family":"Tebani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, 76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumeya","family":"Bekri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, 76000 Rouen, France"},{"name":"Normandie University, UNIROUEN, CHU Rouen, INSERM U1245, 76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2858-148X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Marret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Normandie University, UNIROUEN, CHU Rouen, INSERM U1245, 76000 Rouen, France"},{"name":"Department of Neonatal Pediatrics, Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Rouen University Hospital, 76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1167","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-0423","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental Outcome of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants with Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus Requiring Shunt Insertion","volume":"121","author":"Hansen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.01.002","article-title":"Leading causes of preterm delivery as risk factors for intraventricular hemorrhage in very preterm infants: Results of the EPIPAGE 2 cohort study","volume":"216","author":"Chevallier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(95)01692-9","article-title":"Intraventricular hemorrhage in the preterm infant","volume":"44","author":"Vohr","year":"1996","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.3351","article-title":"Survival and Morbidity of Preterm Children Born at 22 Through 34 Weeks\u2019 Gestation in France in 2011","volume":"169","author":"Ancel","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.7.PEDS15140","article-title":"Trends in hospitalization of preterm infants with intraventricular hemorrhage and hydrocephalus in the United States, 2000\u20132010","volume":"17","author":"Christian","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.7.PEDS14325","article-title":"Pediatric hydrocephalus: Systematic literature review and evidence-based guidelines. Part 5: Effect of valve type on cerebrospinal fluid shunt efficacy","volume":"14","author":"Baird","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(89)80707-3","article-title":"Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in high-risk preterm infants: Natural history, management, and long-term outcome","volume":"114","author":"Dykes","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(78)80282-0","article-title":"Incidence and evolution of subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage: A study of infants with birth weights less than 1500 gm","volume":"92","author":"Papile","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.241441","article-title":"Magnesium sulfate and fetal neuroprotection: Overview of clinical evidence","volume":"13","author":"Chollat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.06.001","article-title":"Volume of Neonatal Care and Survival without Disability at 2 Years in Very Preterm Infants: Results of a French National Cohort Study","volume":"213","author":"Desplanches","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e182355","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.2355","article-title":"Association of Intraventricular Hemorrhage and Death with Tocolytic Exposure in Preterm Infants","volume":"1","author":"Houivet","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-018-0209-5","article-title":"Preterm neuroimaging and neurodevelopmental outcome: A focus on intraventricular hemorrhage, post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus, and associated brain injury","volume":"38","author":"Dorner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilard, V., Chadie, A., Ferracci, F.X., Brasseur-Daudruy, M., Proust, F., Marret, S., and Curey, S. (2018). Post hemorrhagic hydrocephalus and neurodevelopmental outcomes in a context of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage: An institutional experience in 122 preterm children. BMC Pediatrics, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-018-1249-x"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1052442","article-title":"Outcome of Periventricular-Intraventricular Hemorrhage at 2 Years of Age in 484 Very Preterm Infants Admitted to 6 Neonatal Intensive Care Units in The Netherlands","volume":"19","author":"Baerts","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64029-1.00008-4","article-title":"Preterm brain injury: Germinal matrix\u2013intraventricular hemorrhage and post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation","volume":"Volume 162","author":"Leijser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neonatal Neurology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52891-9.00016-6","article-title":"Pathophysiology of cerebral palsy","volume":"Volume 111","author":"Marret","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatric Neurology Part I"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2008.07.014","article-title":"The Diagnosis, Management, and Postnatal Prevention of Intraventricular Hemorrhage in the Preterm Neonate","volume":"35","author":"McCrea","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty722","article-title":"Adjutant: An R-based tool to support topic discovery for systematic and literature reviews","volume":"35","author":"Crisan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"3221","article-title":"Accelerating t-SNE using Tree-Based Algorithms","volume":"15","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Fayyad, U.M., Piatetsky-Shapiro, G., Smyth, P., and Uthurusamy, R. (1996). Advances in knowledge discovery and data mining. American Association for Artificial Intelligence, Springer."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1959","article-title":"Glutamate controls vessel-associated migration of GABA interneurons from the pial migratory route via NMDA receptors and endothelial protease activation","volume":"77","author":"Aligny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2012.08.018","article-title":"Angiopoietins in angiogenesis","volume":"328","author":"Fagiani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-017-0444-6","article-title":"PLGF, a placental marker of fetal brain defects after in utero alcohol exposure","volume":"5","author":"Lecuyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.06.015","article-title":"Endothelial NT-3 Delivered by Vasculature and CSF Promotes Quiescence of Subependymal Neural Stem Cells through Nitric Oxide Induction","volume":"83","author":"Delgado","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13414","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1613113113","article-title":"Regulation of embryonic neurogenesis by germinal zone vasculature","volume":"113","author":"Tata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01452","article-title":"The Neurovascular Unit: Effects of Brain Insults During the Perinatal Period","volume":"13","author":"Bell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.12.015","article-title":"Crossing the blood-brain barrier with nanoparticles","volume":"270","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3181c1b176","article-title":"Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Premature Infants: Mechanism of Disease","volume":"67","author":"Ballabh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatric Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1203\/01.pdr.0000214975.85311.9c","article-title":"Astrocyte End-Feet in Germinal Matrix, Cerebral Cortex, and White Matter in Developing Infants","volume":"59","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatric Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21618","article-title":"Maturational changes in laminin, fibronectin, collagen IV, and perlecan in germinal matrix, cortex, and white matter and effect of betamethasone","volume":"86","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-017-0067-0","article-title":"Blood\u2013brain barrier and foetal-onset hydrocephalus, with a view on potential novel treatments beyond managing CSF flow","volume":"14","author":"Guerra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2017.04.014","article-title":"A Brain-Region-Specific Neural Pathway Regulating Germinal Matrix Angiogenesis","volume":"41","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr052","article-title":"Cell proliferation in human ganglionic eminence and suppression after prematurity-associated haemorrhage","volume":"134","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.04.016","article-title":"Immune pre-activation exacerbates hemorrhagic brain injury in immature mouse brain","volume":"165","author":"Xue","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.12.060","article-title":"Hemoglobin-induced neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus after neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage","volume":"1635","author":"Garton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.113087","article-title":"Neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia in mice triggers age-dependent vascular effects and disabilities in adults; implication of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)","volume":"323","author":"Arabo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omouendze, P.L., Henry, V.J., Porte, B., Dupr\u00e9, N., Carmeliet, P., Gonzalez, B.J., Marret, S., and Leroux, P. (2013). Hypoxia-Ischemia or Excitotoxin-Induced Tissue Plasminogen Activator-Dependent Gelatinase Activation in Mice Neonate Brain Microvessels. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071263"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1097\/nen.0b013e31815f65d9","article-title":"Fetal blood-brain barrier P-glycoprotein contributes to brain protection during human development","volume":"67","author":"Virgintino","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7727","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0587-16.2016","article-title":"Glutamate-Mediated Blood-Brain Barrier Opening: Implications for Neuroprotection and Drug Delivery","volume":"36","author":"Vazana","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193ra90","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005794","article-title":"Overexpression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in the Germinal Matrix Induces Neurovascular Proteases and Intraventricular Hemorrhage","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2015.09.006","article-title":"Genes and environment in neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage","volume":"39","author":"Ment","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031411","DOI":"10.1117\/1.NPh.3.3.031411","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow and autoregulation: Current measurement techniques and prospects for noninvasive optical methods","volume":"3","author":"Fantini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurophotonics"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2017.1346472","article-title":"Measuring cerebrovascular autoregulation in preterm infants using near-infrared spectroscopy: An overview of the literature","volume":"17","author":"Kooi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F467","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-313712","article-title":"Cerebrovascular autoregulation in preterm fetal growth restricted neonates","volume":"104","author":"Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child.-Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e604","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1487","article-title":"Impaired Autoregulation in Preterm Infants Identified by Using Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy","volume":"121","author":"Wong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2015.07.002","article-title":"Transitional Hemodynamics in Preterm Neonates: Clinical Relevance","volume":"57","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"610","article-title":"Inflammatory Response in Preterm Newborns Born after Prolonged Premature Rupture of Membranes: Is There a Correlation with Placental Histological Findings?","volume":"19","author":"Katz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2011.607564","article-title":"Patent ductus arteriosus: Patho-physiology, hemodynamic effects and clinical complications","volume":"24","author":"Capozzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00029","article-title":"The Pathophysiology of Low Systemic Blood Flow in the Preterm Infant","volume":"6","author":"Kluckow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"219","article-title":"Human germinal matrix: Venous origin of hemorrhage and vascular characteristics","volume":"18","author":"Brown","year":"1997","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(87)80517-6","article-title":"Clinical impact of neonatal thrombocytopenia","volume":"110","author":"Andrew","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2002.tb02907.x","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying thrombocytopenia in the neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"91","author":"Sola","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1565923","article-title":"Neonatal Thrombocytopenia as a Consequence of Maternal Preeclampsia","volume":"6","author":"Kalagiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2015.09.008","article-title":"Cellular and humoral coagulation profiles and occurrence of IVH in VLBW and ELWB infants","volume":"91","author":"Sauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1097\/00001721-200006000-00006","article-title":"Influence of exogenous factor VIIa on thrombin generation in cord plasma of full-term and pre-term newborns","volume":"11","author":"Streif","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.04.014","article-title":"COL4A1 Mutation in Preterm Intraventricular Hemorrhage","volume":"155","author":"Bilguvar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21607","article-title":"Intracerebral hemorrhage and COL4A1 mutations, from preterm infants to adult patients","volume":"65","author":"Mine","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5114\/fn.2015.49968","article-title":"The role of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage","volume":"1","author":"Szpecht","year":"2015","journal-title":"Folia Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42541","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42541","article-title":"Role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and endothelin-1 polymorphism genes with the pathogenesis of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants","volume":"7","author":"Szpecht","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70432-0","article-title":"Amniotic fluid inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, interleukin-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha), neonatal brain white matter lesions, and cerebral palsy","volume":"177","author":"Yoon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2001.tb01358.x","article-title":"Low prevalence of large intraventricular haemorrhage in very low birthweight infants carrying the factor V Leiden or prothrombin G20210A mutation","volume":"90","author":"Gortner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2002.tb01697.x","article-title":"Early versus late treatment of posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilatation: Results of a retrospective study from five neonatal intensive care units in The Netherlands","volume":"91","author":"Liem","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2005.07.035","article-title":"Hydrocephalus after intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm and low-birth weight infants: Analysis of associated risk factors for ventriculoperitoneal shunting","volume":"64","author":"Kazan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2010.12.013","article-title":"Pr\u00e9vention de la paralysie c\u00e9r\u00e9brale du grand pr\u00e9matur\u00e9 par le sulfate de magn\u00e9sium","volume":"18","author":"Marret","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. P\u00e9diatrie"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2016.38","article-title":"Impact of antenatal steroids on intraventricular hemorrhage in very-low-birth weight infants","volume":"36","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osborn, D.A., and Evans, N.J. (2004). Early volume expansion for prevention of morbidity and mortality in very preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002055.pub2"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fowlie, P.W., Davis, P.G., and McGuire, W. (2010). Prophylactic intravenous indomethacin for preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000174.pub2"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brion, L.P., Bell, E.F., and Raghuveer, T.S. (2003). Vitamin E supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003665"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1907423","article-title":"A Randomized Trial of Erythropoietin for Neuroprotection in Preterm Infants","volume":"382","author":"Juul","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.16004","article-title":"Association of Umbilical Cord Milking vs. Delayed Umbilical Cord Clamping With Death or Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage Among Preterm Infants","volume":"322","author":"Katheria","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Rabe, H., and Reynolds, G. (1996). Early versus delayed cord clamping in preterm infants. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"419","article-title":"Neonatal care bundles are associated with a reduction in the incidence of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants: A multicentre cohort study","volume":"105","author":"Brouwer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child.-Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-018-0261-1","article-title":"Elevated midline head positioning of extremely low birth weight infants: Effects on cardiopulmonary function and the incidence of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage","volume":"39","author":"Kochan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2019-0725","article-title":"Early predictors of perinatal brain damage: The role of neurobiomarkers","volume":"58","author":"Bersani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. (CCLM)"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"16445","article-title":"Relationship of plasma S100B and MBP with brain damage in preterm infants","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200110000-00020","article-title":"Circulating Adrenomedullin Is Increased in Preterm Newborns Developing Intraventricular Hemorrhage","volume":"50","author":"Gazzolo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatric Res."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"185","article-title":"Biomarkers of Brain Injury in the Premature Infant","volume":"3","author":"Weiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.715024","article-title":"Biomarkers of brain damage in preterm infants","volume":"25","author":"Risso","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, N.D., and Wang, D. (2020). Multiview learning for understanding functional multiomics. PLoS Comput. Biol., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007677"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-017-0074-y","article-title":"Advances in metabolome information retrieval: Turning chemistry into biology. Part I: Analytical chemistry of the metabolome","volume":"41","author":"Tebani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.663198","article-title":"Clinical application of metabolomics in neonatology","volume":"25","author":"Fanos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719118756748","article-title":"Biofluid Metabolomics in Preterm Birth Research","volume":"25","author":"Gil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gracie, S., Pennell, C., Ekman-Ordeberg, G., Lye, S., McManaman, J., Williams, S., Palmer, L., Kelley, M., Menon, R., and Gravett, M. (2011). An integrated systems biology approach to the study of preterm birth using \u201c-omic\u201d technology\u2014A guideline for research. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-11-71"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2018.11.024","article-title":"Targeted urine metabolomics in preterm neonates with intraventricular hemorrhage","volume":"1104","author":"Sarafidis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2012.10.006","article-title":"The importance of biomarkers in neonatology","volume":"18","author":"Mussap","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/8\/2447\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:53:12Z","timestamp":1760176392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/8\/2447"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm9082447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9082447","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,31]]}}}