{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T05:12:06Z","timestamp":1784265126126,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,8]],"date-time":"2020-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute kidney injury (AKI), a critical syndrome characterized by a sudden reduction of renal function, is a common disorder among elderly patients particularly in Intensive Care Unit (ICU). AKI is closely associated with both short- and long-term mortality and length of hospital stay and is considered a predictor of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Specific hemodynamic, metabolic, and molecular changes lead to increased susceptibility to injury in the aged kidney; therefore, certain causes of AKI such as the prerenal reduction in renal perfusion or vascular obstructive conditions are more common in the elderly; moreover, AKI is often multifactorial and iatrogenic. Older patients present several comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, heart failure) and are exposed to multiple medical interventions such as the use of nephrotoxic contrasts media and medications, which can also trigger AKI. Considering the emerging relevance of this condition, prevention and treatment of AKI in the elderly should be crucial in the internist and emergency setting. This review article summarizes the incidence, the risk factors, the pathophysiology, the molecular mechanisms and the strategies of prevention and treatment of AKI in elderly patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T07:25:03Z","timestamp":1597044303000},"page":"2574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Molecular Mechanisms of AKI in the Elderly: From Animal Models to Therapeutic Intervention"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Infante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto Luigi 251, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rossana","family":"Franzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desir\u00e8e","family":"Madio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto Luigi 251, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Calvaruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annamaria","family":"Maiorano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto Luigi 251, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Sangregorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto Luigi 251, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3495-2707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe Stefano","family":"Netti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pathology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto Luigi 251, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4996-3938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Ranieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pathology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto Luigi 251, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loreto","family":"Gesualdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0153-3795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Castellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto Luigi 251, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Stallone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto Luigi 251, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.2","article-title":"Acute Kidney Disease and Renal Recovery: Consensus Report of the Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) 16 Workgroup","volume":"13","author":"Chawla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2002.32766","article-title":"Hospital-Acquired Renal Insufficiency","volume":"39","author":"Nash","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis. Off. J. Natl. Kidney Found."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000079042.13465.1A","article-title":"Acute Renal Failure Definitions and Classification: Time for Change?","volume":"14","author":"Mehta","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.306.6876.481","article-title":"Incidence of Severe Acute Renal Failure in Adults: Results of a Community Based Study","volume":"306","author":"Feest","year":"1993","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61794-8","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"372","author":"Lameire","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.289","article-title":"Dialysis-Requiring Acute Renal Failure Increases the Risk of Progressive Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"76","author":"Lo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00220605","article-title":"Epidemiology and Outcomes of Acute Renal Failure in Hospitalized Patients: A National Survey","volume":"1","author":"Liangos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oweis, A.O., and Alshelleh, S.A. (2018). Incidence and Outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury in Octogenarians in Jordan. BMC Res. Notes, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3397-3"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.229267","article-title":"Mortality in the Elderly with Acute Kidney Injury in an Internal Medicine Department in Abidjan, Cote D\u2019Ivoire","volume":"29","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11454","article-title":"Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Management of Acute Kidney Injury: A KDIGO Summary (Part 1)","volume":"17","author":"Kellum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012080800","article-title":"Temporal Changes in Incidence of Dialysis-Requiring AKI","volume":"24","author":"Hsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"58","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury: Current Concepts and New Insights","volume":"8","author":"Koza","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Inj. Violence Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00516-4","article-title":"The World Report on Ageing and Health: A Policy Framework for Healthy Ageing","volume":"387","author":"Beard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.20.2269","article-title":"Prevalence, Expenditures, and Complications of Multiple Chronic Conditions in the Elderly","volume":"162","author":"Wolff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"678","article-title":"Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Etiology of Acute Kidney Injury in the Elderly: A Retrospective Analysis","volume":"30","author":"Selmi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2019.1679644","article-title":"Association of Acute Kidney Injury with Frailty in Elderly Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"41","author":"Jiesisibieke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S162899","article-title":"AKI in the Very Elderly Patients without Preexisting Chronic Kidney Disease: A Comparison of 48-Hour Window and 7-Day Window for Diagnosing AKI Using the KDIGO Criteria","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.7.813","article-title":"Acute Renal Failure in Critically Ill Patients: A Multinational, Multicenter Study","volume":"294","author":"Uchino","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V62144","article-title":"The Elderly Patient with Acute Renal Failure","volume":"6","author":"Pascual","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1159\/000484971","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury in the Geriatric Population","volume":"193","author":"Rosner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contrib. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-1957-7","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury in Elderly Intensive Care Patients: A Review","volume":"36","author":"Chronopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-010-0987-y","article-title":"Adverse Drug Events in an Intensive Care Unit of a University Hospital","volume":"67","author":"Reis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1159\/000492149","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease in the Elderly and Polypharmacy","volume":"46","author":"Formica","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015121308","article-title":"Renal Aging: Causes and Consequences","volume":"28","author":"Hughes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000114816.62331.08","article-title":"Use of Intensive Care at the End of Life in the United States: An Epidemiologic Study","volume":"32","author":"Angus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"359","article-title":"RIFLE: Association with Mortality and Length of Stay in Critically Ill Acute Kidney Injury Patients","volume":"21","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ter. Intensiva"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-009-1530-4","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients Classified by AKIN versus RIFLE Using the SAPS 3 Database","volume":"35","author":"Joannidis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1159\/000186651","article-title":"Acute Renal Failure in the Medical Intensive Care Unit: Predisposing, Complicating Factors and Outcome","volume":"59","author":"Groeneveld","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006070756","article-title":"Incidence and Outcomes in Acute Kidney Injury: A Comprehensive Population-Based Study","volume":"18","author":"Ali","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.2174\/1874609810902020158","article-title":"The Pathogenesis of Susceptibility to Acute Kidney Injury in the Elderly","volume":"2","author":"Rosner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Aging Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e95","DOI":"10.1159\/000087146","article-title":"Blood Vessels and the Aging Kidney","volume":"101","author":"Long","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nephron. Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2008.05.003","article-title":"Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"28","author":"Zappitelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-018-0052-0","article-title":"Global Epidemiology and Outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"14","author":"Hoste","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2147\/IJNRD.S170203","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury in Elderly Patients: Narrative Review on Incidence, Risk Factors, and Mortality","volume":"11","author":"Yokota","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nephrol. Renovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-017-1682-z","article-title":"Estimating Renal Function in Old People: An in-Depth Review","volume":"49","author":"Raman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V371371","article-title":"Renal Functional Reserve in Healthy Elderly Subjects","volume":"3","author":"Fliser","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2009.234","article-title":"Hospital-Acquired Acute Kidney Injury in the Elderly","volume":"6","author":"Chronopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1159\/000452599","article-title":"Clinical Course of Acute Kidney Injury in Elderly Individuals Above 80 Years","volume":"41","author":"Funk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2017.148","article-title":"The Effect of Treatment on Short-Term Outcomes in Elderly Patients with Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"5","author":"Petronijevic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelhamid, A., Bunn, D., Copley, M., Cowap, V., Dickinson, A., Gray, L., Howe, A., Killett, A., Lee, J., and Li, F. (2016). Effectiveness of Interventions to Directly Support Food and Drink Intake in People with Dementia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMC Geriatr., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-016-0196-3"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"CD011077","article-title":"Modifying the Consistency of Food and Fluids for Swallowing Difficulties in Dementia","volume":"9","author":"Flynn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1159\/000481181","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury in Elderly Population: A Prospective Observational Study","volume":"138","author":"Romani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"235","article-title":"Proteinuria in the Prognosis of IgA Nephropathy","volume":"61","author":"Aucella","year":"2009","journal-title":"Minerva Urol. Nefrol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-018-0598-3","article-title":"Evidence-Based Management of Diabetes in Older Adults","volume":"35","author":"Mooradian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.2.510","article-title":"Quantifying the Risk of Infectious Diseases for People with Diabetes","volume":"26","author":"Shah","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02610607","article-title":"Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Incident Acute Renal Failure in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study","volume":"3","author":"Mittalhenkle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6232909","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6232909","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury in Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"2016","author":"Patschan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2015.01.007","article-title":"Worsening Heart Failure Following Admission for Acute Heart Failure: A Pooled Analysis of the PROTECT and RELAX-AHF Studies","volume":"3","author":"Davison","year":"2015","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80015-1","article-title":"Dialysis Considerations in the Elderly Patient","volume":"16","author":"Henrich","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis. Off. J. Natl. Kidney Found."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1159\/000447936","article-title":"Risk Factors and Prognosis of Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 1 in Elderly Chinese Patients: A Retrospective Observational Cohort Study","volume":"41","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1159\/000442300","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury in Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 1 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"6","author":"Vandenberghe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiorenal Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12414","article-title":"Worsening Renal Failure in Patients with Acute Heart Failure: The Importance of Cardiac Biomarkers","volume":"6","author":"Shirakabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03960609","article-title":"Review on Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics and the Aging Kidney","volume":"5","author":"Aymanns","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13216","article-title":"The Drugs That Mostly Frequently Induce Acute Kidney Injury: A Case - Noncase Study of a Pharmacovigilance Database","volume":"83","author":"Gras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010234","article-title":"Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and Acute Renal Failure in Elderly Persons","volume":"151","author":"Griffin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1251","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000001251","article-title":"Cumulative Cardiovascular Polypharmacy Is Associated With the Risk of Acute Kidney Injury in Elderly Patients","volume":"94","author":"Chao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallappallil, M., Sabu, J., Friedman, E.A., and Salifu, M. (2017). What Do We Know about Opioids and the Kidney?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18010223"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S1847","article-title":"Opiates and Elderly: Use and Side Effects","volume":"3","author":"Chau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.953851","article-title":"Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"122","author":"Solomon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i6","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh1069","article-title":"Regional Alterations in Renal Haemodynamics and Oxygenation: A Role in Contrast Medium-Induced Nephropathy","volume":"20","author":"Heyman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F647","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00475.2005","article-title":"Tissue Oxygen and Hemodynamics in Renal Medulla, Cortex, and Corticomedullary Junction during Hemorrhage-Reperfusion","volume":"291","author":"Whitehouse","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2019.12.88","article-title":"The Conundrum of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"12","author":"Haq","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2018.04.020","article-title":"Association between Influenza Vaccination and the Reduced Risk of Acute Kidney Injury among Older People: A Nested Case-Control Study","volume":"54","author":"Shih","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-019-00585-3","article-title":"Updates on Urinary Tract Infections in Kidney Transplantation","volume":"32","author":"Fiorentino","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-017-0452-4","article-title":"Recent Advances in the Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Sepsis-Associated Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"31","author":"Fani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.05.026","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury from Sepsis: Current Concepts, Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Prevention and Treatment","volume":"96","author":"Peerapornratana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F723","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00491.2018","article-title":"LPS Removal Reduces CD80-Mediated Albuminuria in Critically Ill Patients with Gram-Negative Sepsis","volume":"316","author":"Netti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02872-z","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury in SARS-CoV-2 Infected Patients","volume":"24","author":"Fanelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03681106","article-title":"Septic Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients: Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes","volume":"2","author":"Bagshaw","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4382","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102059","article-title":"Complement Component C5a Induces Aberrant Epigenetic Modifications in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells Accelerating Senescence by Wnt4\/Betacatenin Signaling after Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury","volume":"11","author":"Castellano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079-017-0434-2","article-title":"Cellular Senescence in the Aging and Diseased Kidney","volume":"12","author":"Valentijn","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2638","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182591ebe","article-title":"Severity of Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in a Novel Mouse Model Is Age Dependent","volume":"40","author":"Maddens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clements, M.E., Chaber, C.J., Ledbetter, S.R., and Zuk, A. (2013). Increased Cellular Senescence and Vascular Rarefaction Exacerbate the Progression of Kidney Fibrosis in Aged Mice Following Transient Ischemic Injury. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070464"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.003","article-title":"Complement-Dependent NADPH Oxidase Enzyme Activation in Renal Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury","volume":"74","author":"Simone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-018-0078-3","article-title":"The Klotho Proteins in Health and Disease","volume":"15","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1515\/BC.2008.028","article-title":"Klotho as a Regulator of Oxidative Stress and Senescence","volume":"389","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010020205","article-title":"Cell Senescence in the Aging Kidney","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00323","article-title":"New Insights into the Mechanism of Action of Soluble Klotho","volume":"8","author":"Dalton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.328","article-title":"Klotho Deficiency Is an Early Biomarker of Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Its Replacement Is Protective","volume":"78","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfi165","article-title":"Klotho Reduces Apoptosis in Experimental Ischaemic Acute Renal Failure","volume":"20","author":"Sugiura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13415","article-title":"Complement Modulation of Anti-Aging Factor Klotho in Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury and Delayed Graft Function","volume":"16","author":"Castellano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.237.17","article-title":"Low Serum Level of Klotho Is an Early Predictor of Atherosclerosis","volume":"237","author":"Keles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2013-1079","article-title":"Molecular Basis of Klotho: From Gene to Function in Aging","volume":"36","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu291","article-title":"The Demonstration of AlphaKlotho Deficiency in Human Chronic Kidney Disease with a Novel Synthetic Antibody","volume":"30","author":"Barker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.4226","article-title":"Severely Reduced Production of Klotho in Human Chronic Renal Failure Kidney","volume":"280","author":"Koh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009121311","article-title":"Klotho Deficiency Causes Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"9481475","article-title":"Correlation between Soluble \u03b1-Klotho and Renal Function in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2018","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2014.06.009","article-title":"In Chronic Kidney Disease, Serum \u03b1-Klotho Is Related to Serum Bicarbonate and Proteinuria","volume":"24","author":"Hage","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.01.024","article-title":"Circulating \u03b1-Klotho Levels in CKD and Relationship to Progression","volume":"61","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E855","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4171","article-title":"Soluble \u03b1-Klotho and Its Relation to Kidney Function and Fibroblast Growth Factor-23","volume":"99","author":"Scholze","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.288","article-title":"Plasma Klotho Is Not Related to Kidney Function and Does Not Predict Adverse Outcome in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"83","author":"Seiler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.06.110","article-title":"Establishment of Sandwich ELISA for Soluble Alpha-Klotho Measurement: Age-Dependent Change of Soluble Alpha-Klotho Levels in Healthy Subjects","volume":"398","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.01.017","article-title":"Potential Application of Klotho in Human Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"100","author":"Neyra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F557","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00299.2019","article-title":"Klotho Supplementation Ameliorates Blood Pressure and Renal Function in DBA\/2-Pcy Mice, a Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease","volume":"318","author":"Takenaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"1233","article-title":"Klotho, Stem Cells, and Aging","volume":"10","author":"Bian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2017.11.019","article-title":"Wnt Signaling in Kidney Development and Disease","volume":"153","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1159\/000366400","article-title":"Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease Is Induced by Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 via a Mechanism Involving the Wnt\/Beta-Catenin Pathway","volume":"34","author":"Rong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2014.16","article-title":"Wnt\/Beta-Catenin Signaling and Kidney Fibrosis","volume":"4","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015040449","article-title":"Sustained Activation of Wnt\/Beta-Catenin Signaling Drives AKI to CKD Progression","volume":"27","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3373","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2017020142","article-title":"Urinary Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 Predicts Severe AKI and Poor Outcomes after Cardiac Surgery","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.14-429","article-title":"Pleiotropic Effects of Angiotensin II Receptor Signaling in Cardiovascular Homeostasis and Aging","volume":"56","author":"Kamo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-016-0018-1","article-title":"Roles of Renin-Angiotensin System and Wnt Pathway in Aging-Related Phenotypes","volume":"36","author":"Kamo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. Regen."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14453","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14453","article-title":"Angiotensin II Receptor Blockade Promotes Repair of Skeletal Muscle through Down-Regulation of Aging-Promoting C1q Expression","volume":"5","author":"Yabumoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13004","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13004","article-title":"Wnt\/Beta-Catenin\/RAS Signaling Mediates Age-Related Renal Fibrosis and Is Associated with Mitochondrial Dysfunction","volume":"18","author":"Miao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12795","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury in Elderly Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Do Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Carry a Risk?","volume":"18","author":"Chaumont","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gravesen, E., Nordholm, A., Mace, M., Morevati, M., H\u00f8gdall, E., Nielsen, C., Kj\u00e6r, A., Olgaard, K., and Lewin, E. (2018). Effect of Inhibition of CBP-Coactivated \u03b2-Catenin-Mediated Wnt Signalling in Uremic Rats with Vascular Calcifications. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201936"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2016.70","article-title":"Complement in Disease: A Defence System Turning Offensive","volume":"12","author":"Ricklin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00734","article-title":"Inflammaging and Complement System: A Link Between Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Graft Damage","volume":"11","author":"Franzin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1923","article-title":"Complement: A Key System for Immune Surveillance and Homeostasis","volume":"11","author":"Ricklin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0662-9","article-title":"Complement in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"40","author":"Morgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7532507","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7532507","article-title":"Complement System and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Implications of Gene-Environment Interaction for Preventive and Personalized Medicine","volume":"2018","author":"Maugeri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.03.047","article-title":"Complement C1q Activates Canonical Wnt Signaling and Promotes Aging-Related Phenotypes","volume":"149","author":"Naito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"523","article-title":"Effect of Age on C1q and C3 Levels in Human Serum and Their Presence in Colostrum","volume":"35","author":"Yonemasu","year":"1978","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy073","article-title":"The Lectin Pathway in Renal Disease: Old Concept and New Insights","volume":"33","author":"Poppelaars","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2664","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02664","article-title":"Age and Sex-Associated Changes of Complement Activity and Complement Levels in a Healthy Caucasian Population","volume":"9","author":"Poppelaars","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3468","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13871","article-title":"Plasma-Derived C1 Esterase Inhibitor for Acute Antibody-Mediated Rejection Following Kidney Transplantation: Results of a Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study","volume":"16","author":"Montgomery","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s40472-017-0148-7","article-title":"Pharmacologic Complement Inhibition in Clinical Transplantation","volume":"4","author":"Tatapudi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Transplant. Rep."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2955","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14767","article-title":"A Phase I\/II, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Assessing Safety and Efficacy of C1 Esterase Inhibitor for Prevention of Delayed Graft Function in Deceased Donor Kidney Transplant Recipients","volume":"18","author":"Jordan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.12659\/AOT.905917","article-title":"Eculizumab in Renal Transplantation: A 2017 Update","volume":"22","author":"Grenda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000000592","article-title":"A Phase I\/II Placebo-Controlled Trial of C1-Inhibitor for Prevention of Antibody-Mediated Rejection in HLA Sensitized Patients","volume":"99","author":"Vo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6193694","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6193694","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Acute Kidney Injury in Critical Illness: Pathophysiologic Mechanisms-Biomarkers-Interventions, and Future Perspectives","volume":"2017","author":"Pavlakou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.401","article-title":"Role of Oxidants\/Inflammation in Declining Renal Function in Chronic Kidney Disease and Normal Aging","volume":"114","author":"Vlassara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1159\/000350726","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Cell Senescence Combine to Cause Maximal Renal Tubular Epithelial Cell Dysfunction and Loss in an in Vitro Model of Kidney Disease","volume":"122","author":"Small","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephron. Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2016.01.005","article-title":"Mitochondria in Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"36","author":"Ralto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.01.001","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Autophagy: Crucial Modulators of Kidney Injury","volume":"4","author":"Sureshbabu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.107","article-title":"Mitochondrial Energetics in the Kidney","volume":"13","author":"Bhargava","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-014-0050-7","article-title":"Arteriovenous Fistula Stenosis in Hemodialysis Patients Is Characterized by an Increased Adventitial Fibrosis","volume":"27","author":"Simone","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.5148","article-title":"Updating the Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging: An Integrated View, Key Aspects, and Confounding Concepts","volume":"19","author":"Barja","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.269894.115","article-title":"Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Dynamics in the Developing and Diseased Heart","volume":"29","author":"Dorn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0531-5565(02)00168-7","article-title":"Effect of Age and Hypoxia\/Reoxygenation on MRNA Expression of Antioxidative Enzymes in Rat Liver and Kidneys","volume":"37","author":"Martin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.11.034","article-title":"Advanced Glycation End Products in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"93","author":"Rabbani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"7047238","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Nephropathy with Early Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"2016","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014101047","article-title":"Uremic Toxicity of Advanced Glycation End Products in CKD","volume":"27","author":"Stinghen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2009.07.013","article-title":"Identifying Advanced Glycation End Products as a Major Source of Oxidants in Aging: Implications for the Management and\/or Prevention of Reduced Renal Function in Elderly Persons","volume":"29","author":"Vlassara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasegawa, S., Jao, T.-M., and Inagi, R. (2017). Dietary Metabolites and Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9040358"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarke, R.E., Dordevic, A.L., Tan, S.M., Ryan, L., and Coughlan, M.T. (2016). Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products and Risk Factors for Chronic Disease: A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8030125"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1159\/000475890","article-title":"Targeting the KEAP1-NRF2 System to Prevent Kidney Disease Progression","volume":"45","author":"Nezu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1159\/000346948","article-title":"Rationale and Trial Design of Bardoxolone Methyl Evaluation in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes: The Occurrence of Renal Events (BEACON)","volume":"37","author":"Akizawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"2075","article-title":"Bardoxolone Methyl (CDDO-Me) as a Therapeutic Agent: An Update on Its Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh710","article-title":"Ren Sanus in Corpore Sano: The Myth of the Inexorable Decline of Renal Function with Senescence","volume":"20","author":"Fliser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2017.01.015","article-title":"A New Preprocedure Risk Score for Predicting Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"33","author":"Duan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E8","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.25109","article-title":"A Simple Preprocedural Score for Risk of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention","volume":"83","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-009-9608-z","article-title":"NGAL: A Biomarker of Acute Kidney Injury and Other Systemic Conditions","volume":"42","author":"Soni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043161","article-title":"Cystatin C and the Risk of Death and Cardiovascular Events among Elderly Persons","volume":"352","author":"Shlipak","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3046","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2005030236","article-title":"Urine IL-18 Is an Early Diagnostic Marker for Acute Kidney Injury and Predicts Mortality in the Intensive Care Unit","volume":"16","author":"Parikh","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008070673","article-title":"Urine Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin Moderately Predicts Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Adults","volume":"20","author":"Siew","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04810908","article-title":"Urinary Biomarkers in the Early Detection of Acute Kidney Injury after Cardiac Surgery","volume":"4","author":"Han","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, M.B., Ara\u00fajo, L.Q., Passos, M.T., Nishida, S.K., Kirsztajn, G.M., Cendoroglo, M.S., and Sesso, R.C. (2013). Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate from Serum Creatinine and Cystatin C in Octogenarians and Nonagenarians. BMC Nephrol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-14-265"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp474","article-title":"Age and Cystatin C in Healthy Adults: A Collaborative Study","volume":"25","author":"Odden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.07.020","article-title":"Accuracy of Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) in Diagnosis and Prognosis in Acute Kidney Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"54","author":"Haase","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2019.06.005","article-title":"Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin as a Biomarker of Acute Kidney Injury in Sepsis Patients in the Emergency Department","volume":"495","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/agm2.12098","article-title":"Evaluation of Serum Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin in Older Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"3","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1258\/acb.2011.011105","article-title":"Establishment of a Reference Interval for Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin","volume":"49","author":"Cullen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2011.50","article-title":"Computerized Decision Support Systems: Improving Patient Safety in Nephrology","volume":"7","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-010-0129-2","article-title":"Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury: The at-Risk Patient and Protective Measures","volume":"12","author":"Brown","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010307","article-title":"Early Goal-Directed Therapy in the Treatment of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock","volume":"345","author":"Rivers","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.184","article-title":"Paradigms of Acute Kidney Injury in the Intensive Care Setting","volume":"14","author":"Kellum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.08.011","article-title":"Understanding by Older Patients of Dialysis and Conservative Management for Chronic Kidney Failure","volume":"65","author":"Okamoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis. Off. J. Natl. Kidney Found."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii1","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfw356","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline on Management of Older Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3b or Higher (EGFR <45 ML\/Min\/1.73 M2)","volume":"31","author":"Farrington","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.10411011","article-title":"Renal Replacement Therapy in the Elderly Population","volume":"7","author":"Berger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c179","DOI":"10.1159\/000339789","article-title":"KDIGO Clinical Practice Guidelines for Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"120","author":"Khwaja","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephron. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00510113","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of a Citrate-Based Protocol for Sustained Low-Efficiency Dialysis in AKI Using Standard Dialysis Equipment","volume":"8","author":"Fiaccadori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.04.047","article-title":"The Growth of AKI: Half Empty or Half Full, It\u2019s the Size of the Glass That Matters","volume":"92","author":"Hsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_164","first-page":"9973","article-title":"Application of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy for Acute Kidney Injury in Elderly Patients","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002743","article-title":"The RIFLE Criteria and Mortality in Acute Kidney Injury: A Systematic Review","volume":"73","author":"Ricci","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R700","DOI":"10.1186\/cc3879","article-title":"Prognosis for Long-Term Survival and Renal Recovery in Critically Ill Patients with Severe Acute Renal Failure: A Population-Based Study","volume":"9","author":"Bagshaw","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_167","first-page":"24","article-title":"Emerging Role of Lipopolysaccharide Binding Protein in Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"32","author":"Stasi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-016-0289-2","article-title":"Renal Resistive Index by Transesophageal and Transparietal Echo-Doppler Imaging for the Prediction of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Major Heart Surgery","volume":"30","author":"Regolisti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.258","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury Following Coronary Angiography Is Associated with a Long-Term Decline in Kidney Function","volume":"78","author":"James","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S121823","article-title":"Outcomes of Renal Function in Elderly Patients with Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c19","DOI":"10.1159\/000328023","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury in the Elderly: Predisposition to Chronic Kidney Disease and Vice Versa","volume":"119 (Suppl. S1)","author":"Coca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephron. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2014.06.007","article-title":"Defining the Acute Kidney Injury and Repair Transcriptome","volume":"34","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castellano, G., Stasi, A., Franzin, R., Sallustio, F., Divella, C., Spinelli, A., Netti, G.S., Fiaccadori, E., Cantaluppi, V., and Crovace, A. (2019). LPS-Binding Protein Modulates Acute Renal Fibrosis by Inducing Pericyte-to-Myofibroblast Trans-Differentiation through TLR-4 Signaling. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153682"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/8\/2574\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:58:15Z","timestamp":1760176695000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/8\/2574"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,8]]},"references-count":173,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm9082574"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9082574","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,8]]}}}