{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T16:10:04Z","timestamp":1785859804298,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":220,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Regular physical activity (PA) improves cognitive functions, prevents brain atrophy, and delays the onset of cognitive decline, dementia, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Presently, there are no specific recommendations for PA producing positive effects on brain health and little is known on its mediators. PA affects production and release of several peptides secreted from peripheral and central tissues, targeting receptors located in the central nervous system (CNS). This review will provide a summary of the current knowledge on the association between PA and cognition with a focus on the role of (neuro)peptides. For the review we define peptides as molecules with less than 100 amino acids and exclude myokines. Tachykinins, somatostatin, and opioid peptides were excluded from this review since they were not affected by PA. There is evidence suggesting that PA increases peripheral insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels and elevated serum IGF-1 levels are associated with improved cognitive performance. It is therefore likely that IGF-1 plays a role in PA induced improvement of cognition. Other neuropeptides such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), ghrelin, galanin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) could mediate the beneficial effects of PA on cognition, but the current literature regarding these (neuro)peptides is limited.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T09:04:16Z","timestamp":1597050256000},"page":"2592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["(Neuro) Peptides, Physical Activity, and Cognition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Juho","family":"Autio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ville","family":"Stenb\u00e4ck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Biocenter Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9051-0949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique D.","family":"Gagnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Laboratory of Environmental Exercise Physiology, School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada"},{"name":"Center of Research in Occupational Safety and Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juhani","family":"Lepp\u00e4luoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4460-2604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl-Heinz","family":"Herzig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.033","article-title":"Function in the human connectome: Task-fMRI and individual differences in behavior","volume":"80","author":"Barch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.027","article-title":"Brain Networks and Cognitive Architectures","volume":"88","author":"Petersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2093","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1504394112","article-title":"Architecture of the cerebral cortical association connectome underlying cognition","volume":"112","author":"Bota","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. 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