{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T03:14:54Z","timestamp":1788837294675,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bone metastasis develops in multiple malignancies with a wide range of incidence. The presence of multiple bone metastases, leading to a multitude of complications and poorer prognosis. The corresponding refractory bone pain is still a challenging issue managed through multidisciplinary approaches to enhance the quality of life. Radiopharmaceuticals are mainly used in the latest courses of the disease. Bone-pain palliation with easy-to-administer radionuclides offers advantages, including simultaneous treatment of multiple metastatic foci, the repeatability and also the combination with other therapies. Several \u03b2\u00af- and \u03b1-emitters as well as pharmaceuticals, from the very first [89Sr]strontium-dichloride to recently introduced [223Ra]radium-dichloride, are investigated to identify an optimum agent. In addition, the combination of bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals with chemotherapy or radiotherapy has been employed to enhance the outcome. Radiopharmaceuticals demonstrate an acceptable response rate in pain relief. Nevertheless, survival benefits have been documented in only a limited number of studies. In this review, we provide an overview of bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals used for bone-pain palliation, their effectiveness and toxicity, as well as the results of the combination with other therapies. Bone-pain palliation with radiopharmaceuticals has been employed for eight decades. However, there are still new aspects yet to be established.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]],"date-time":"2020-08-13T02:58:02Z","timestamp":1597287482000},"page":"2622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Targeted Palliative Radionuclide Therapy for Metastatic Bone Pain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2833-8276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reyhaneh","family":"Manafi-Farid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Nuclear Medicine, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411713135, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3760-5404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fardad","family":"Masoumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411713135, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghasemali","family":"Divband","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Jam Hospital, Tehran 1588657915, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6514-0720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bahare","family":"Saidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Nuclear Medicine, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411713135, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6739-6877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bahar","family":"Ataeinia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital\u2014Charlestown HealyhCare Center, Boston, MA 02129, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Hertel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, RWTH University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Schweighofer-Zwink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrinology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Morgenroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, RWTH University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3918-3812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsen","family":"Beheshti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, RWTH University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrinology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hernandez, R.K., Wade, S.W., Reich, A., Pirolli, M., Liede, A., and Lyman, G.H. 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