{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T05:21:39Z","timestamp":1767676899584,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]],"date-time":"2020-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19 has catastrophically affected the world\u2019s panoramic view of human well-being in terms of healthcare and management. With the increase in the number of cases worldwide, neurological symptoms and psychological illnesses from COVID-19 have increasingly upsurged. Mental health illness and affective disorders, including depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, phobia, and panic disorders, are highly impacted due to social distress. The COVID-19 pandemic not only affected people with pre-existing mental and affective illnesses, but also healthy individuals with anxiety, worrying, and panic symptoms, and fear conditioning. In addditon, the novel coronavirus is known to impact the central nervous system in the brain, resulting in severe and certain long-lasting neurological issues. Owing to the significance of neurological and psychological events, the present perspective has been an attempt to disseminate the impact of COVID-19 on neural injury through inflammation, and its interrelation with psychological symptoms. In this current review, we synthesize the literature to highlight the critical associations between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the nervous system, and mental health illness, and discuss potential mechanisms of neural injury through psycho-neuroimmunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]],"date-time":"2020-08-13T09:23:44Z","timestamp":1597310624000},"page":"2624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Interrelation of Neurological and Psychological Symptoms of COVID-19: Risks and Remedies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Nami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Center, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge 084301103, Panama"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran"},{"name":"Dana Brain Health Institute, Iranian Neuroscience Society-Fars Chapter, Shiraz 71364-76172, Iran"},{"name":"Academy of Health, Senses Cultural Foundation, Sacramento, CA 66006, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Pardis, Tehran 1658344575, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8841-8174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bharathi S.","family":"Gadad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Zhongke Jianlan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Zhongke Jianlan International Medical Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000-3999, Australia"},{"name":"Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Usman","family":"Ghumman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4801-3535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amogh","family":"Misra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0030-5472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shrikanth S.","family":"Gadad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Emphasis in Cancer, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA"},{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dharmendra","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Greater Heights Holistic Psychiatry, Houston, TX 77008, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6547-0172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Semmes Foundation Distinguished University Chair in Neurobiology, The University of Texas, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel J. K.","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Yamanashi University, Chuo 409-3898, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. S.","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Center, Instituto de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y Servicios de Alta Tecnolog\u00eda (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge 084301103, Panama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30073-0","article-title":"Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic","volume":"7","author":"Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Zautra, A.J. (2006). 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