{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T02:31:14Z","timestamp":1784773874351,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BMBF FKZ031L0129 B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMBF FKZ031L0129 B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Intestinal infections remain a major public health burden in developing countries. Due to social, ecological, environmental, and cultural conditions, Indigenous peoples in Colombia are at particularly high risk. Materials: 137 stool samples were analyzed by microscopy and real-time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), targeting protozoan parasites (Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium spp., and Cyclospora cayetanensis), bacteria (Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella spp., Shigella ssp.\/enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), Yersinia spp., enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterotoxin-producing E. coli (ETEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), and Tropheryma whipplei), and helminths (Necator americanus, Strongyloides stercoralis, Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma spp., Trichuris. trichiura, Taenia spp., Hymenolepis nana, Enterobius vermicularis, and Schistosoma spp.). Microscopy found additional cases of helminth infections. Results: At least one pathogen was detected in 93% of the samples. The overall results revealed protozoa in 79%, helminths in 69%, and bacteria in 41%. G. intestinalis (48%), Necator\/hookworm (27%), and EAEC (68%) were the most common in each group. Noteworthy, T. whipplei was positive in 7% and T. trichirua in 23% of the samples. A significant association of one infection promoting the other was determined for G. intestinalis and C. jejuni, helminth infections, and EIEC. Conclusions: The results illustrate the high burden of gastrointestinal pathogens among Indigenous peoples compared to other developing countries. Countermeasures are urgently required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T09:17:08Z","timestamp":1598606228000},"page":"2786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["High Prevalence of Intestinal Pathogens in Indigenous in Colombia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Simone","family":"Kann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Infectious Disease Diagnostics, Bernhard -Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0870-9578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Bruennert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Translational Oncology, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Infectious Disease Diagnostics, Bernhard -Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo Andr\u00e9s Concha","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituci\u00f3n Prestadora de Servicios de Salud Ind\u00edgena, Dusakawi IPSI, Valledupar 200001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Jos\u00e9 Crespo","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituci\u00f3n Prestadora de Servicios de Salud Ind\u00edgena, Dusakawi IPSI, Valledupar 200001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cielo Leonor Armenta","family":"Quintero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Salud P\u00fablica Departamental, Valledupar 200001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Hanke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf Matthias","family":"Hagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Central Hospital Koblenz, 56072 Koblenz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joy","family":"Backhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Teaching and Medical Educational Research, University Hospital Wuerzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8967-9528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hagen","family":"Frickmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2017.55.5.513","article-title":"High Frequency of Enteric Protozoan, Viral, and Bacterial Potential Pathogens in Community-Acquired Acute Diarrheal Episodes: Evidence Based on Results of Luminex Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel Assay","volume":"55","author":"Hawash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J. 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