{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:43:51Z","timestamp":1790700231119,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]],"date-time":"2020-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We prospectively evaluated the relationship between meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy (GO) in 19 patients (38 eyes) with subjective dry eye symptoms, compared to 14 age-matched normal participants (14 eyes). Extraocular muscle and lacrimal gland enlargement were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ocular surface examinations included fluorescein staining for keratoconjunctival epithelial damage, tear breakup time (TBUT) evaluation, and Schirmer\u2019s test. Dry eye symptoms were evaluated with the Dry Eye-related Quality-of-Life Score (DEQS) questionnaire. Lid-margin abnormalities, meibum grade, and meiboscores were assessed using meibography. Clinical activity scores and T2 signal intensity ratios were used to define GO activity. All GO patients had obstructive MGD and 79% exhibited levator muscle enlargement. Ocular surface parameters of TBUT (p = 0.000), meibum score (p = 0.000), eyelid vasculitis (p = 0.000), meiboscore of the upper lid (p = 0.002), total meiboscores (p = 0.001), and DEQS (p = 0.000) significantly differed between GO patients and normal subjects. In addition, GO patients had significantly more abnormalities of the central region of the upper eyelid than normal subjects (p = 0.000). Thus, MGD might be related to eye discomfort and deterioration of the ocular surface in GO patients. Inflammation and morphological meibomian gland changes might be characteristic of GO.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]],"date-time":"2020-08-31T08:11:19Z","timestamp":1598861479000},"page":"2814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Investigation of Meibomian Gland Function and Dry Eye Disease in Patients with Graves\u2019 Ophthalmopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7157-1690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sachiko","family":"Inoue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7650-7180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Motoko","family":"Kawashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reiko","family":"Arita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Itoh Clinic, 626-11 Minaminakano, Minuma-ku, Saitama 337-0042, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ai","family":"Kozaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Olympia Eye Hospital, 2-18-12 Jingumae Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-0001, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8874-7111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuo","family":"Tsubota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"543","article-title":"Update on thyroid eye disease and management","volume":"3","author":"Bothun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. 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