{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T08:07:46Z","timestamp":1789200466750,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sensory systems are widely known to exhibit adaptive mechanisms. Vision is no exception to input dependent changes in its sensitivity. Recent animal work demonstrates enhanced connectivity between neurons in the visual cortex. The purpose of the present experiment was to evaluate a human model that noninvasively alters the amplitude of the N1b component in the visual cortex of humans by means of rapid visual stimulation. Nineteen participants (Mage = 24 years; 52.6% male) completed a rapid visual stimulation paradigm involving black and white reversal checkerboards presented bilaterally in the visual field. EEG data was collected during the visual stimulation paradigm, which consisted of four main phases, a pre-tetanus block, photic stimulus, early post-tetanus, and late post-tetanus. The amplitude of the N1b component of the pre-tetanus, early post-tetanus and late post-tetanus visual evoked potentials were calculated. Change in N1b amplitude was calculated by subtracting pre-tetanus N1b amplitude from early and late post-tetanus. Results demonstrated a significant difference between pre-tetanus N1b (M = \u22120.498 \u00b5V, SD = 0.858) and early N1b (M = \u22121.011 \u00b5V, SD = 1.088), t (18) = 2.761, p = 0.039, d = 0.633. No difference was observed between pre-tetanus N1b and late N1b (p = 0.36). In conclusion, our findings suggest that it is possible to induce changes in the amplitude of the visually evoked potential N1b waveform in the visual cortex of humans non-invasively. Additional work is needed to corroborate that the potentiation of the N1b component observed in this study is due to similar mechanisms essential to prolonged strengthened neural connections exhibited in cognitive structures of the brain observed in prior animal research. If so, this will allow for the examination of strengthened neural connectivity and its interaction with multiple human sensory stimuli and behaviors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T11:07:14Z","timestamp":1599044834000},"page":"2837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Effects of Human Visual Sensory Stimuli on N1b Amplitude: An EEG Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Damien","family":"Moore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise &amp; Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0848-302X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshikazu","family":"Ikuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7711-4741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul D.","family":"Loprinzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise &amp; Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3949","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-11-03949.2001","article-title":"Selective adaptation to color contrast in human primary visual cortex","volume":"21","author":"Engel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4173-06.2007","article-title":"Orientation-selective adaptation to illusory contours in human visual cortex","volume":"27","author":"Landy","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1038\/278850a0","article-title":"Pattern-selective adaptation in visual cortical neurones","volume":"278","author":"Movshon","year":"1979","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kappenman, E., and Luck, S. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780195374148.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00022","article-title":"Human Sensory LTP Predicts Memory Performance and Is Modulated by the BDNF Val(66)Met Polymorphism","volume":"13","author":"Spriggs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnr.0000215775.53732.9f","article-title":"Spatial frequency-specific potentiation of human visual-evoked potentials","volume":"17","author":"McNair","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2008.01.021","article-title":"Induction of orientation-specific LTP-like changes in human visual evoked potentials by rapid sensory stimulation","volume":"76","author":"Ross","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04007.x","article-title":"Long-term potentiation of human visual evoked responses","volume":"21","author":"Teyler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.08.021","article-title":"Translating long-term potentiation from animals to humans: A novel method for noninvasive assessment of cortical plasticity","volume":"71","author":"Clapp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnr.0000209004.63352.10","article-title":"Rapid visual stimulation induces N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent sensory long-term potentiation in the rat cortex","volume":"17","author":"Clapp","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9801","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-24-09801.2001","article-title":"Long-term potentiation of thalamocortical transmission in the adult visual cortex in vivo","volume":"21","author":"Heynen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16304","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4333-10.2010","article-title":"Visual experience induces long-term potentiation in the primary visual cortex","volume":"30","author":"Cooke","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-019-09680-z","article-title":"Semi-invasive and non-invasive recording of visual evoked potentials in mice","volume":"138","author":"Marenna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Doc. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00533-2","article-title":"Scalp electrode impedance, infection risk, and EEG data quality","volume":"112","author":"Ferree","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1590\/S1807-59322011001300002","article-title":"Long-term potentiation and long-term depression: A clinical perspective","volume":"66","author":"Bliss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1444","article-title":"Decoding the visual and subjective contents of the human brain","volume":"8","author":"Kamitani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.3.811","article-title":"Functional analysis of primary visual cortex (V1) in humans","volume":"95","author":"Tootell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617715001095","article-title":"Influence of Physical Activity on Human Sensory Long-Term Potentiation","volume":"21","author":"Smallwood","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/9\/2837\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:05:49Z","timestamp":1760177149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/9\/2837"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm9092837"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9092837","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]}}}