{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T01:13:48Z","timestamp":1773796428726,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Castile and Leon\u00b4s Regional Management of Health","award":["GRS 2075\/A\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRS 2075\/A\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Sleep disorders are often associated with drug use. Nearly 70% of patients admitted for detoxification report sleep problems. Dual disorder (DD) is the comorbidity between mental disorders in general and disorders related to psychoactive substance use. The association between substance use and sleep disorders (SD) appears to be bidirectional. Our objective is to analyze the association between sleep disturbance history and drug use pattern (alcohol, cannabis, opioids, and cocaine). Methods: Analysis of data in the first interview at the Addictions Unit of the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Salamanca Health Care Complex between October 2017 and January 2020. The sample consists of 398 patients. We studied the association between different variables: origin of patients (Inpatient Dual Diagnosis Detoxification Unit (IDDDU) vs. Outpatient Drug Clinic (ODC), presence of affective disorder, psychotic disorder, type of drug used, and treatment. Results: Of patients with DD, 62% had more delayed sleep induction, sleep fragmentation, early awakening, and nightmares. Outpatients had more difficulty falling asleep because, in many cases, they had not previously sought any medical assistance. On the other hand, 67% of the patients with insomnia presented depression. Conclusions: There is evidence of a harmful association between DD and SD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T11:24:24Z","timestamp":1599218664000},"page":"2862","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Relevance of Dual Diagnoses among Drug-Dependent Patients with Sleep Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1421-7385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Roncero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Service, University of Salamanca Health Care Complex, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Psychiatry Unit, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno C\/ Alfonso X El Sabio s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, University of Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Llanyra","family":"Garc\u00eda-Ull\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Service, University of Salamanca Health Care Complex, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Psychiatry Unit, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno C\/ Alfonso X El Sabio s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, University of Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4093-3361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Bull\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Service, University of Salamanca Health Care Complex, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, University of Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0054-035X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Rem\u00f3n-Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, University of Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bego\u00f1a","family":"Vicente-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Service, University of Salamanca Health Care Complex, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, University of Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Service, University of Salamanca Health Care Complex, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, University of Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amaya","family":"Caldero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, University of Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Psychiatry Service, Zamora University Health Care Complex, Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s Street, 40, 49071 Zamora, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Unit, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno C\/ Alfonso X El Sabio s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lourdes","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Service, University of Salamanca Health Care Complex, Paseo de San Vicente 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Psychiatry Unit, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno C\/ Alfonso X El Sabio s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, University of Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2011.07.015","article-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n de las alteraciones del sue\u00f1o en pacientes drogodependientes hospitalizados (Evaluation of sleep disorders in hospitalized drug-dependent patients)","volume":"138","author":"Roncero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"64","article-title":"Administrative prevalence of insomnia and associated clinical features in patients with addiction during active substance use","volume":"44","author":"Daigre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Actas Esp. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(00)00222-2","article-title":"Sleep problems and substance use in adolescence","volume":"64","author":"Johnson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haario, P., Rahkonen, O., Laaksonen, M., Lahelma, E., and Lallukka, T. (2013). Bidirectional associations between insomnia symptoms and unhealthy behaviours. J. Sleep Res., 2289\u20132295.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2013.11.579"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2007.10.003","article-title":"Sleep problems reported by patients entering opioid agonist treatment","volume":"35","author":"Burke","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2011.00152.x","article-title":"Persistent insomnia, abstinence, and moderate drinking in alcohol-dependent individuals","volume":"20","author":"Brower","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.3.399","article-title":"Insomnia, self-medication, and relapse to alcoholism","volume":"158","author":"Brower","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.10.020","article-title":"Sleep disturbance as a universal risk factor for relapse in addictions to psychoactive substances","volume":"74","author":"Brower","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03995.x","article-title":"Polysomnographic and subjective sleep predictors of alcoholic relapse","volume":"22","author":"Brower","year":"1998","journal-title":"Alcoholism Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.004","article-title":"Modafinil and sleep architecture in an inpatient-outpatient treatment study of cocaine dependence","volume":"160","author":"Morgan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e31818a6596","article-title":"Prediction of abstinence in opioid-dependent patients","volume":"2","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Addict. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/13556219772697","article-title":"Sleep, alcohol and alcohol abuse","volume":"2","author":"Vitiello","year":"1997","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"110","article-title":"Alcohol\u2019s effects on sleep in alcoholics","volume":"25","author":"Brower","year":"2001","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.02.003","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia in alcohol dependent patients: A randomized controlled pilot trial","volume":"49","author":"Arnedt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.109831","article-title":"Alterations in circadian rhythms following alcohol use: A systematic review","volume":"99","author":"Meyrel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2019.1705279","article-title":"Management of insomnia in alcohol use disorder","volume":"21","author":"Geoffroy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-014-0487-3","article-title":"Sleep and substance use disorders: An update","volume":"16","author":"Conroy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050848","article-title":"Abstinence symptoms following oral THC administration to humans","volume":"141","author":"Haney","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(98)00003-9","article-title":"Cannabis dependence, withdrawal, and reinforcing effects among adolescents with conduct symptoms and substance use disorders","volume":"50","author":"Crowley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3109\/00952998809001556","article-title":"A comparison of self-reported symptoms and DSM-III-R criteria for cocaine withdrawal","volume":"14","author":"Brower","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800020013003","article-title":"Abstinence symptomatology and psychiatric diagnosis in cocaine abusers. Clinical observations","volume":"43","author":"Gawin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810210069010","article-title":"Changes in mood, craving, and sleep during short-term abstinence reported by male cocaine addicts. A controlled, residential study","volume":"47","author":"Weddington","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/ADT.0b013e3181fb2847","article-title":"Sleep Profile in Patients With Chronic Opioid Abuse: A Polysomnographic Evaluation in an Egyptian Sample","volume":"10","author":"Asaad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addict. Disord. Treat."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.3.1348","article-title":"Central sleep apnea in stable methadone maintenance treatment patients","volume":"128","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(97)00097-5","article-title":"Subjective sleep-wake parameters in treatment-seeking opiate addicts","volume":"48","author":"Oyefeso","year":"1997","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(75)90208-4","article-title":"Human sleep and EEG through a cycle of methadone dependence","volume":"38","author":"Kay","year":"1975","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e3181e8b6c4","article-title":"No change of sleep after 6 and 12 months of methadone maintenance treatment","volume":"5","author":"Peles","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Addict. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300923","article-title":"Changes of sleep architecture, spectral composition of sleep EEG, the nocturnal secretion of cortisol, ACTH, GH, prolactin, melatonin, ghrelin, and leptin, and the DEX-CRH test in depressed patients during treatment with mirtazapine","volume":"31","author":"Schmid","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.386","article-title":"Onset of action of antidepressants: Results of different analyses","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/35395","article-title":"Frequent difficulties in the treatment of restless legs syndrome\u2014Case report and literature review","volume":"49","author":"Narowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Pol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5802","DOI":"10.2174\/138161212803523608","article-title":"Sleep and antidepressant treatment","volume":"18","author":"Wichniak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200565070-00003","article-title":"Antidepressants and sleep: A qualitative review of the literature","volume":"65","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2006.07.008","article-title":"The association of insomnia with anxiety disorders and depression: Exploration of the direction of risk","volume":"40","author":"Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/28.11.1457","article-title":"Epidemiology of insomnia, depression, and anxiety","volume":"28","author":"Taylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n1008","article-title":"Sleep and Depression","volume":"66","author":"Tsuno","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Winokur, G., Clayton, P.J., and Reich, T. (1969). Manic Depressive Illness, Mosby."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(01)00090-4","article-title":"Sleep and depression\u2014Results from psychobiological studies: An overview","volume":"57","author":"Riemann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.20882\/adicciones.933","article-title":"Dual diagnosis: An European perspective","volume":"29","author":"Torrens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adicciones"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03307.x","article-title":"Assessment of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome\u2014Validity and reliability of the translated and modified Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol scale (CIWA-A)","volume":"89","author":"Stuppaeck","year":"1994","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2014). International Classification of Sleep Disorders: Diagnostic and Coding Manual, American Academy of Sleep Medicine. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2869.2000.00178.x","article-title":"Prevalence of insomnia in a survey of 12,778 adults in France","volume":"9","author":"Leger","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(94)90130-9","article-title":"Insomnia in relation to depression and anxiety: Epidemiologic considerations","volume":"38","author":"Soldatos","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(08)70004-2","article-title":"Insomnia and comorbid psychiatric disorders","volume":"8","author":"Riemann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(98)90059-1","article-title":"Comorbidity of mental and insomnia disorders in the general population","volume":"39","author":"Ohayon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/14.5.386","article-title":"Insomnia and use of hypnotics: Study of a French population","volume":"14","author":"Orluc","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-8343(97)00056-X","article-title":"The morbidity of insomnia uncomplicated by psychiatric disorders","volume":"19","author":"Weissman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.09.003","article-title":"Comorbidity of insomnia and depression","volume":"14","author":"Staner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1986.62.3.717","article-title":"MMPI and nightmare reports in women addicted to alcohol and other drugs","volume":"62","author":"Cernovsky","year":"1986","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03430110069030","article-title":"Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders. An opportunity for prevention?","volume":"262","author":"Ford","year":"1989","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3109\/15622971003637645","article-title":"Slow-wave sleep deficiency and enhancement: Implications for insomnia and its management","volume":"11","author":"Dijk","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02245145","article-title":"Reinforcing and subjective effects of oral delta 9-THC and smoked marijuana in humans","volume":"107","author":"Chait","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.3.393","article-title":"The time course and significance of cannabis withdrawal","volume":"112","author":"Budney","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.11.1967","article-title":"Review of the validity and significance of cannabis withdrawal syndrome","volume":"161","author":"Budney","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.003","article-title":"Sleep disturbance and the effects of extended-release zolpidem during cannabis withdrawal","volume":"117","author":"Vandrey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490500418997","article-title":"Cannabis withdrawal among non-treatment-seeking adult cannabis users","volume":"15","author":"Copersino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2007.12.004","article-title":"Effect of illicit recreational drugs upon sleep: Cocaine, ecstasy and marijuana","volume":"12","author":"Schierenbeck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12291","article-title":"Polysomnographic sleep disturbances in nicotine, caffeine, alcohol, cocaine, opioid, and cannabis use: A focused review","volume":"24","author":"Garcia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-016-0056-7","article-title":"Sleep abnormalities associated with alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, and opiate use: A comprehensive review","volume":"11","author":"Angarita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addict. Sci. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2010.535580","article-title":"Sleeping problems among Chinese heroin-dependent individuals","volume":"37","author":"Liao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/2.2.175","article-title":"Opioid effects on computer-derived sleep and EEG parameters in nondependent human addicts","volume":"2","author":"Kay","year":"1979","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(70)90230-0","article-title":"Heroin and human sleep","volume":"28","author":"Lewis","year":"1970","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.07.022","article-title":"Effects of sleep deprivation on sleep homeostasis and restoration during methadone-maintenance: A [31]P MRS brain imaging study","volume":"106","author":"Trksak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112660","article-title":"Benzodiazepine abuse, misuse, dependence, and withdrawal among schizophrenic patients: A review of the literature","volume":"284","author":"Barral","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000058","article-title":"Behavioral treatment of insomnia in early recovery","volume":"8","author":"Kaplan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Addict. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"109","article-title":"Revisi\u00f3n de los diversos m\u00e9todos de evaluaci\u00f3n del trastorno de insomnio (Review of some methods of evaluation for insomnia disorder)","volume":"23","author":"Ruiz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anales Psicol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2018.10.006","article-title":"Should the Duration of Treatment Be Limited Using Benzodiazepines?","volume":"47","author":"Vorspan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Presse Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2017.1402056","article-title":"Pharmacological Treatment of Insomnia Symptoms in Individuals with Substance Use Disorders in Spain: A Quasi-Experimental Study","volume":"53","author":"Daigre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/9\/2862\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:06:44Z","timestamp":1760177204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/9\/2862"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm9092862"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9092862","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]]}}}