{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T13:59:56Z","timestamp":1781272796247,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: To assess ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness in children with chronic heart failure (CHF) due to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods: Sixty eyes of 30 patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) due to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and 60 eyes of 30 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers (control group) were enrolled. The mean age of the patients and controls was 9.9 \u00b1 3.57 (range 5\u201317) years and 10.08 \u00b1 3.41 (range 4\u201316) years, respectively. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmic assessment and OCT imaging using RTVue XR Avanti (Optovue). The following OCT-based parameters were analysed: average ganglion cell complex thickness (avgGCC), superior ganglion cell complex thickness (supGCC), inferior ganglion cell complex thickness (infGCC), global loss of volume (GLV) and focal loss of volume (FLV). Results: There were no significant differences in avgGCC (98.13 \u03bcm vs. 99.96 \u03bcm, p = 0.21), supGCC (97.17 \u03bcm vs. 99.29 \u03bcm, p = 0.13), infGCC (99.03 \u03bcm vs. 100.71 \u03bcm, p = 0.25), FVL (0.49% vs. 0.4%, p = 0.25) and GVL (2.1% vs. 1.3%, p = 0.09) between patients with chronic heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy and healthy children. There was no correlation between avgGCC, supGCC, infGCC, FLV, GLV and ocular biometry, refractive errors or age. There was no correlation between avgGCC, supGCC, infGCC, FLV, GLV and NT-proBNP or LVEF. There were no significant differences in the studied parameters between the sexes. There were no significant differences in the studied parameters between the left and right eye. Conclusion: Our study seems to be the first to analyse ganglion cell complex in paediatric patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. We have demonstrated no changes in the ganglion cell complex thickness parameters in children with chronic heart failure due dilated cardiomyopathy, as compared to their healthy peers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]],"date-time":"2020-09-07T09:18:16Z","timestamp":1599470296000},"page":"2882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Investigating Ganglion Cell Complex Thickness in Children with Chronic Heart Failure due to Dilated Cardiomyopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Klaudia","family":"Rakusiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krystyna","family":"Kanigowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2065-8646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Hautz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0300-1941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Zi\u00f3\u0142kowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen-Ba-Charvet, K.T., and Rebsam, A. 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