{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:51:16Z","timestamp":1787028676631,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]],"date-time":"2020-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL67093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL67093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL104136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL104136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K08DK115883"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08DK115883"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"merican Association for the Study of Liver Diseases Alan Hoffman Clinical and Translational Research grant","award":["No number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No number"]}]},{"name":"Gilead Liver Scholar grant from Gilead Science","award":["No number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No number"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Lipoprotein particles with abnormal compositions, such as lipoprotein X (LP-X) and lipoprotein Z (LP-Z), have been described in cases of obstructive jaundice and cholestasis. The study objectives were to: (1) develop an NMR-based assay for quantification of plasma\/serum LP-Z particles, (2) evaluate the assay performance, (3) isolate LP-Z particles and characterize them by lipidomic and proteomic analysis, and (4) quantify LP-Z in subjects with various liver diseases. Methods: Assay performance was assessed for linearity, sensitivity, and precision. Mass spectroscopy was used to characterize the protein and lipid content of isolated LP-Z particles. Results: The assay showed good linearity and precision (2.5\u20136.3%). Lipid analyses revealed that LP-Z particles exhibit lower cholesteryl esters and higher free cholesterol, bile acids, acylcarnitines, diacylglycerides, dihexosylceramides, lysophosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylcholines, triacylglycerides, and fatty acids than low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. A proteomic analysis revealed that LP-Z have one copy of apolipoprotein B per particle such as LDL, but less apolipoprotein (apo)A-I, apoC3, apoA-IV and apoC2 and more complement C3. LP-Z were not detected in healthy volunteers or subjects with primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, autoimmune hepatitis, or type 2 diabetes. LP-Z were detected in some, but not all, subjects with hypertriglyceridemia, and were high in some subjects with alcoholic liver disease. Conclusions: LP-Z differ significantly in their lipid and protein content from LDL. Further studies are needed to fully understand the pathophysiological reason for the enhanced presence of LP-Z particles in patients with cholestasis and alcoholic liver disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]],"date-time":"2020-09-10T22:58:01Z","timestamp":1599778681000},"page":"2915","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Characterization of LP-Z Lipoprotein Particles and Quantification in Subjects with Liver Disease Using a Newly Developed NMR-Based Assay"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3277-7845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shimpi","family":"Bedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Lipid and Arteriosclerosis Science, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237-0507, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2956-2715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erwin","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (LabCorp), Burlington, NC 27560, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Jeyarajah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (LabCorp), Burlington, NC 27560, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Shalaurova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (LabCorp), Burlington, NC 27560, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Perez-Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z.","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3844-5254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin","family":"Dullaart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Matyus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (LabCorp), Burlington, NC 27560, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Kirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (LabCorp), Burlington, NC 27560, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Otvos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (LabCorp), Burlington, NC 27560, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Lipid and Arteriosclerosis Science, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237-0507, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3917-592X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margery","family":"Connelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (LabCorp), Burlington, NC 27560, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2006.07.006","article-title":"Lipoprotein particle analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"26","author":"Jeyarajah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. 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