{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:10:10Z","timestamp":1790179810909,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]],"date-time":"2020-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Oncopeptides AB","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the availability of new therapies that have led to improved outcomes for patients with multiple myeloma, most patients will eventually relapse. With triplet and even quadruplet combination therapies becoming standard in the first and second line, many patients will have few treatment options after second-line treatment. Melflufen (melphalan flufenamide) is a first-in-class peptide\u2013drug conjugate (PDC) that targets aminopeptidases and rapidly releases alkylating agents into tumor cells. Once inside the tumor cells, melflufen is hydrolyzed by peptidases to release alkylator molecules, which become entrapped. Melflufen showed anti-myeloma activity in myeloma cells that were resistant to bortezomib and the alkylator melphalan. In early phase studies (O-12-M1 and HORIZON [OP-106]), melflufen plus dexamethasone has demonstrated encouraging clinical activity and a manageable safety profile in heavily pretreated patients with relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma, including those with triple-class refractory disease and extramedullary disease. The Phase III OCEAN study (OP-104) is further evaluating melflufen plus dexamethasone in patients with relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma. The safety profile of melflufen is characterized primarily by clinically manageable hematologic adverse events. Melflufen, with its novel mechanism of action, has the potential to provide clinically meaningful benefits to patients with relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma, including those with high unmet needs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9103120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T10:39:58Z","timestamp":1601289598000},"page":"3120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Melflufen: A Peptide\u2013Drug Conjugate for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda-Victoria","family":"Mateos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Salamanca\/IBSAL\/CIC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Blad\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Department, Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi I Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4539-6363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Bringhen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Myeloma Unit, Division of Hematology, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5765-0085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique M","family":"Ocio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Marqu\u00e9s de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, 39008 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Efebera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lud\u011bk","family":"Pour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Gay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Myeloma Unit, Division of Hematology, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter","family":"Sonneveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Gullbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul G.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2017.138","article-title":"Natural history of relapsed myeloma, refractory to immunomodulatory drugs and proteasome inhibitors: A multicenter IMWG study","volume":"31","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-019-0435-7","article-title":"Outcomes of patients with multiple myeloma refractory to CD38-targeted monoclonal antibody therapy","volume":"33","author":"Gandhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iv52","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx096","article-title":"Multiple myeloma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"28","author":"Moreau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. 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