{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T12:50:02Z","timestamp":1793710202631,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH\/NINDS","award":["UH3NS115631"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3NS115631"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early studies of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for various neurological disorders involved a temporary trial period where implanted electrodes were externalized, in which the electrical contacts exiting the patient\u2019s brain are connected to external stimulation equipment, so that stimulation efficacy could be determined before permanent implant. As the optimal brain target sites for various diseases (i.e., Parkinson\u2019s disease, essential tremor) became better established, such trial periods have fallen out of favor. However, deep brain stimulation trial periods are experiencing a modern resurgence for at least two reasons: (1) studies of newer indications such as depression or chronic pain aim to identify new targets and (2) a growing interest in adaptive DBS tools necessitates neurophysiological recordings, which are often done in the peri-surgical period. In this review, we consider the possible approaches, benefits, and risks of such inpatient trial periods with a specific focus on developing new DBS therapies for chronic pain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9103155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T08:43:27Z","timestamp":1601369007000},"page":"3155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A Deep Brain Stimulation Trial Period for Treating Chronic Pain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Prasad","family":"Shirvalkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology (Pain Management), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0517-2296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin K.","family":"Sellers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashlyn","family":"Schmitgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Prosky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology (Pain Management), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4003-2528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2733-4003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip A.","family":"Starr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward F.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E15","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.5.FOCUS18160","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for intractable neuropathic facial pain","volume":"45","author":"Mirzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosurg. 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