{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:04:00Z","timestamp":1790949840363,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":387,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the second leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Increasing evidence suggests oxidative damage and immune response defects are key factors contributing to glaucoma onset. Indeed, both the failure of the trabecular meshwork tissue in the conventional outflow pathway and the neuroinflammation process, which drives the neurodegeneration, seem to be linked to the age-related over-production of free radicals (i.e., mitochondrial dysfunction) and to oxidative stress-linked immunostimulatory signaling. Several previous studies have described a wide range of oxidative stress-related makers which are found in glaucomatous patients, including low levels of antioxidant defences, dysfunction\/activation of glial cells, the activation of the NF-\u03baB pathway and the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and so on. However, the intraocular pressure is still currently the only risk factor modifiable by medication or glaucoma surgery. This present review aims to summarize the multiple cellular processes, which promote different risk factors in glaucoma including aging, oxidative stress, trabecular meshwork defects, glial activation response, neurodegenerative insults, and the altered regulation of immune response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9103172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]],"date-time":"2020-09-30T09:41:01Z","timestamp":1601458861000},"page":"3172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Neuroinflammation in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3124-5740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Vernazza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, via Livenza 3, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Tirendi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching &amp; Research (Centro 3R), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Bassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching &amp; Research (Centro 3R), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo Enrico","family":"Traverso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinica Oculistica, DiNOGMI, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, IRCCS-Polyclinic San Martino Hospital, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6973-5978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio Claudio","family":"Sacc\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, IRCCS-Polyclinic San Martino Hospital, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2016.02.003","article-title":"Glaucoma history and risk factors","volume":"10","author":"McMonnies","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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