{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T03:25:14Z","timestamp":1791084314831,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]],"date-time":"2020-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-108657RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-108657RB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"AGAUR, Generalitat de Catalunya","award":["2017SGR1693"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017SGR1693"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fear of gaining weight (FGW), body image disturbances, associated anxiety and body-related attentional bias are the core symptoms of anorexia nervosa (AN) and play critical roles in its development and maintenance. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the usefulness of virtual reality-based body exposure software for the assessment of important body-related cognitive and emotional responses in AN. Thirty female patients with AN, one of them subclinical, and 43 healthy college women, 25 with low body dissatisfaction (BD) and 18 with high BD, owned a virtual body that had their silhouette and body mass index. Full-body illusion (FBI) over the virtual body was induced using both visuo-motor and visuo-tactile stimulation. Once the FBI was induced, the FBI itself, FGW, body anxiety and body-related attentional bias toward weight-related and non-weight-related body areas were assessed. One-way analyses of covariance (ANCOVA), controlling for age, showed that AN patients reported higher FGW, body anxiety and body-related attentional bias than healthy controls. Unexpectedly, patients with AN reported significantly lower FBI levels than healthy participants. Finally, Pearson correlations showed significant relationships between visual analog scales and body-related attentional bias measures, compared to other eating disorder measures. These results provide evidence about the usefulness of virtual reality-based body exposure to elicit FGW and other body-related disturbances in AN patients. Thus, it may be a suitable intervention for reducing these emotional responses and for easing weight recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9103210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]],"date-time":"2020-10-05T08:35:57Z","timestamp":1601886957000},"page":"3210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Validity of Virtual Reality Body Exposure to Elicit Fear of Gaining Weight, Body Anxiety and Body-Related Attentional Bias in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Bruno","family":"Porras-Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d\u2019Hebron 171, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0529-3431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Ferrer-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d\u2019Hebron 171, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Serrano-Troncoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u of Barcelona; Passeig de Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, 2, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Carulla-Roig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u of Barcelona; Passeig de Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, 2, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pau","family":"Soto-Usera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u of Barcelona; Passeig de Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, 2, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0861-4333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Miquel-Nabau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d\u2019Hebron 171, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6884-0511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazilla","family":"Shojaeian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d\u2019Hebron 171, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"de la Monta\u00f1a Santos-Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Madrid, Calle del Prof Mart\u00edn Lagos, s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Borszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Madrid, Calle del Prof Mart\u00edn Lagos, s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"D\u00edaz-Mars\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Madrid, Calle del Prof Mart\u00edn Lagos, s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"S\u00e1nchez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge- IDIBELL and CIBEROBN, Barcelona; Carrer Feixa Llarga s\/n, 08907 Hospitalet del Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2968-9898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Aranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge- IDIBELL and CIBEROBN, Barcelona; Carrer Feixa Llarga s\/n, 08907 Hospitalet del Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7977-2051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d\u2019Hebron 171, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000282","article-title":"Review of the worldwide epidemiology of eating disorders","volume":"29","author":"Hoek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Micali, N., Hagberg, K.W., Petersen, I., and Treasure, J.L. (2013). The incidence of eating disorders in the UK in 2000\u20132009: Findings from the General Practice Research Database. BMJ Open, 3.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002646"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"177","article-title":"A1dolescent Eating Disorders: Definitions, Symptomatology, Epidemiology and Comorbidity","volume":"24","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child. Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.09m05176blu","article-title":"Time trends in age at onset of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa","volume":"70","author":"Favaro","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.081356","article-title":"Childhood eating disorders: British national surveillance study","volume":"198","author":"Nicholls","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1024\/1422-4917\/a000269","article-title":"Body image disturbance in children and adolescents with eating disorders: Current evidence and future directions","volume":"42","author":"Legenbauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Z. Kinder. Jugendpsychiatr. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20820","article-title":"Nonfat phobic anorexia nervosa: Clinical characteristics and response to inpatient treatment","volume":"44","author":"Carter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2018.04.001","article-title":"Preoccupation with shape or weight, fear of weight gain, feeling fat and treatment outcomes in patients with anorexia nervosa: A longitudinal study","volume":"105","author":"Calugi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2018.03.002","article-title":"The relative associations of shape and weight over-evaluation, preoccupation, dissatisfaction, and fear of weight gain with measures of psychopathology: An extension study in individuals with anorexia nervosa","volume":"29","author":"Linardon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20029","article-title":"Pathologic Fear Conditioning and Anorexia Nervosa: On the Search for Novel Paradigms","volume":"35","author":"Strober","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20784","article-title":"Rationale for the application of exposure and response prevention to the treatment of anorexia nervosa","volume":"44","author":"Steinglass","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-6185(91)90032-O","article-title":"Development and validation of the physical appearance state and trait anxiety scale (PASTAS)","volume":"5","author":"Reed","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445503259853","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral theories of eating disorders","volume":"28","author":"Williamson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav. Modif."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2003.10.004","article-title":"Information processing biases in eating disorders","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.04.006","article-title":"Cognitive biases to appearance-related stimuli in body dissatisfaction: A systematic review","volume":"46","author":"Rodgers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22998","article-title":"Eye-tracking research in eating disorders: A systematic review","volume":"52","author":"Harrison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-017-0263-z","article-title":"Selective Visual Attention Towards Oneself and Associated State Body Satisfaction: An Eye-Tracking Study in Adolescents with Different Types of Eating Disorders","volume":"45","author":"Bauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22871","article-title":"Core psychopathology in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A network analysis","volume":"51","author":"Forrest","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2012.09.004","article-title":"Adjunctive mirror exposure for eating disorders: A randomized controlled pilot study","volume":"50","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10027","article-title":"Body image treatment within an inpatient program for anorexia nervosa: The role of mirror exposure in the desensitization process","volume":"31","author":"Key","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2011.12.001","article-title":"Pure versus guided mirror exposure to reduce body dissatisfaction: A preliminary study with university women","volume":"9","author":"Jansen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2015.06.002","article-title":"Mirror exposure to increase body satisfaction: Should we guide the focus of attention towards positively or negatively evaluated body parts?","volume":"50","author":"Jansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2006.08.007","article-title":"What happens in the course of body exposure? Emotional, cognitive, and physiological reactions to mirror confrontation in eating disorders","volume":"62","author":"Vocks","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20207","article-title":"Mirror exposure for the treatment of body image disturbance","volume":"39","author":"Delinsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2015.0412","article-title":"Future directions: How virtual reality can further improve the assessment and treatment of eating disorders and obesity","volume":"19","author":"Wiederhold","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2007.9962","article-title":"Comparing acceptance and refusal rates of virtual reality exposure vs. in vivo exposure by patients with specific phobias","volume":"10","author":"Botella","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Maldonado, J., Ferrer-Garc\u00eda, M., Dakanalis, A., and Riva, G. (2018). Virtual reality: Applications to eating disorders. The Oxford Handbook of Eating Disorders, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780190620998.013.26"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00120","article-title":"Embodied medicine: Mens sana in corpore virtuale sano","volume":"11","author":"Riva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2017.29099.gri","article-title":"Neuroscience of Virtual Reality: From Virtual Exposure to Embodied Medicine","volume":"22","author":"Riva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00083","article-title":"The building blocks of the full body ownership illusion","volume":"7","author":"Maselli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piryankova, I.V., Wong, H.Y., Linkenauger, S.A., Stinson, C., Longo, M.R., B\u00fclthoff, H.H., and Mohler, B.J. (2014). Owning an overweight or underweight body: Distinguishing the physical, experienced and virtual body. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103428"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1038\/35784","article-title":"Rubber hands \u2018feel\u2019 touch that eyes see","volume":"391","author":"Botvinick","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711002091","article-title":"Increased plasticity of the bodily self in eating disorders","volume":"42","author":"Eshkevari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2015.0229","article-title":"Virtual reality body swapping: A tool for modifying the allocentric memory of the body","volume":"19","author":"Serino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Preston, C., and Ehrsson, H.H. (2014). Illusory changes in body size modulate body satisfaction in a way that is related to non-clinical eating disorder psychopathology. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085773"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4450","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw313","article-title":"Illusory obesity triggers body dissatisfaction responses in the insula and anterior cingulate cortex","volume":"26","author":"Preston","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porras Garcia, B., Ferrer Garcia, M., Olszewska, A., Yilmaz, L., Gonz\u00e1lez Iba\u00f1ez, C., Gracia Blanes, M., G\u00fcltekin, G., Serrano Troncoso, E., and Guti\u00e9rrez Maldonado, J. (2019). Is this my own body? Changing the perceptual and affective body image experience among college students using a new virtual reality embodiment-based technique. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8070925"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keizer, A., Van Elburg, A., Helms, R., and Dijkerman, H.C. (2016). A virtual reality full body illusion improves body image disturbance in anorexia nervosa. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163921"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22724","article-title":"From avatars to body swapping: The use of virtual reality for assessing and treating body-size distortion in individuals with anorexia","volume":"75","author":"Serino","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00956","article-title":"Virtual Reality Body Exposure Therapy for Anorexia Nervosa. A Case Report with Follow-Up Results","volume":"11","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-014-0115-6","article-title":"Addressing the fear of fat: Extending imaginal exposure therapy for anxiety disorders to anorexia nervosa","volume":"19","author":"Levinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord. Stud. Anorex. Bulim. Obes."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Garner, D. (2004). Eating Disorder Inventory-3: Professional Manual, Psychological Assessment Resources."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Elosua, P., L\u00f3pez-Ja\u00faregui, A., and S\u00e1nchez-S\u00e1nchez, F. (2010). EDI-3, Inventario de Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria-3, Manual, Tea Ediciones."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20526","article-title":"Development and validation of a new figural drawing scale for body-image assessment: The BIAS-BD","volume":"65","author":"Gardner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2005.06.002","article-title":"The body appreciation scale: Development and psychometric evaluation","volume":"2","author":"Avalos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.5209\/rev_SJOP.2011.v14.n1.37","article-title":"Spanish Version of the Body Appreciation Scale (BAS) for Adolescents","volume":"14","author":"Lobera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Span. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacob, R.J.K., and Karn, K.S. (2003). Eye Tracking in Human-Computer Interaction and Usability Research. Ready to Deliver the Promises. The Mind\u2019s Eye: Cognitive and Applied Aspects of Eye Movement Research, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044451020-4\/50031-1"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/ajpy.12161","article-title":"A review of existing measures of attentional biases in body image and eating disorders research","volume":"70","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"181","article-title":"The influence of gender and body dissatisfaction on body-related attentional bias: An eye-tracking and virtual reality study","volume":"52","author":"Ghita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porras-Garcia, B., Ferrer-Garcia, M., Yilmaz, L., Sen, Y.O., Olszewska, A., Ghita, A., Serrano-Troncoso, E., Treasure, J., and Guti\u00e9rrez-Maldonado, J. (2020). Body-related attentional bias as mediator of the relationship between body mass index and body dissatisfaction. Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2730"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porras-Garcia, B., Exposito-Sanz, E., Ferrer-Garcia, M., Castillero-Mimenza, O., and Guti\u00e9rrez-Maldonado, J. (2020). Body-Related Attentional Bias among Men with High and Low Muscularity Dissatisfaction. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061736"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1736","article-title":"The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10","volume":"9","author":"Sheehan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"90","article-title":"Selective visual attention for ugly and beautiful body parts in eating disorders","volume":"50","author":"Jansen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2008.04.008","article-title":"Looking good. BMI, attractiveness bias and visual attention","volume":"51","author":"Roefs","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1027\/1614-2241\/a000016","article-title":"Is it really robust? Reinvestigating the robustness of ANOVA against violations of the normal distribution","volume":"6","author":"Schminder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methodology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22030","article-title":"Eating disorder symptoms and weight and shape concerns in a large web-based convenience sample of women ages 50 and above: Results of the gender and body image (GABI) study","volume":"45","author":"Gagne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-017-0948-7","article-title":"Prevalence of dieting and fear of weight gain across ages: A community sample from adolescents to the elderly","volume":"62","author":"Bartels","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2020.102882","article-title":"My body until proven otherwise: Exploring the time course of the full body illusion","volume":"78","author":"Keenaghan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199111)10:6<709::AID-EAT2260100609>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"In the eye of the beholder: Processing body shape information in anorexic and bulimic patients","volume":"10","author":"Freeman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuschen-Caffier, B., Bender, C., Caffier, D., Klenner, K., Braks, K., and Svaldi, J. (2015). Selective visual attention during mirror exposure in anorexia and bulimia nervosa. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145886"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.12.029","article-title":"\u201cLooks do matter\u201d\u2014Visual attentional biases in adolescent girls with eating disorders viewing body images","volume":"198","author":"Heinrich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.682","article-title":"Fear of gaining weight: Its validity as a visual analogue scale in anorexia nervosa","volume":"14","author":"Rushford","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2018.00074","article-title":"Avatar embodiment. Towards a standardized questionnaire","volume":"5","author":"Peck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Robot. AI"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.1.19","article-title":"On the practice of dichotomization of quantitative variables","volume":"7","author":"MacCallum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717002008","article-title":"Assessing body image in anorexia nervosa using biometric self-avatars in virtual reality: Attitudinal components rather than visual body size estimation are distorted","volume":"48","author":"Thaler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.1623","article-title":"Dissecting the core fear in anorexia nervosa: Can we optimize treatment mechanisms?","volume":"73","author":"Murray","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01845","article-title":"Eye-tracking technology and the dynamics of natural gaze behavior in sports: A systematic review of 40 years of research","volume":"8","author":"Kredel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/10\/3210\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:16:37Z","timestamp":1760177797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/10\/3210"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm9103210"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9103210","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]]}}}