{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:23:21Z","timestamp":1791235401953,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":218,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by dysregulation of the immune system, vascular damage, and fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Patients with SSc show a heterogeneous phenotype and a range of clinical courses. Therefore, biomarkers that are helpful for precise diagnosis, prediction of clinical course, and evaluation of the therapeutic responsiveness of disease are required in clinical practice. SSc-specific autoantibodies are currently used for diagnosis and prediction of clinical features, as other biomarkers have not yet been fully vetted. Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6), surfactant protein-D (SP-D), and CCL18 have been considered as serum biomarkers of SSc-related interstitial lung disease. Moreover, levels of circulating brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) can provide diagnostic information and indicate the severity of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Assessment of several serum\/plasma cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, adhesion molecules, and other molecules may also reflect the activity or progression of fibrosis and vascular involvement in affected organs. Recently, microRNAs have also been implicated as possible circulating indicators of SSc. In this review, we focus on several potential SSc biomarkers and discuss their clinical utility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9113388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T02:01:42Z","timestamp":1603418502000},"page":"3388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Potential Biomarkers in Systemic Sclerosis: A Literature Review and Update"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1164-6088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akira","family":"Utsunomiya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Divison of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3, Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noritaka","family":"Oyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Divison of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3, Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3738-2682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minoru","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Divison of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3, Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15002","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.2","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis","volume":"1","author":"Allanore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30933-9","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis","volume":"390","author":"Denton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"202","article-title":"Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis): Classification, subsets and pathogenesis","volume":"15","author":"LeRoy","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e32834ff2e8","article-title":"Epidemiology of systemic sclerosis: Incidence, prevalence, survival, risk factors, malignancy, and environmental triggers","volume":"24","author":"Barnes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1903076","article-title":"Nintedanib for Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease","volume":"380","author":"Distler","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210503","article-title":"Treatment outcome in early diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: The European Scleroderma Observational Study (ESOS)","volume":"76","author":"Herrick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0214202","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214202","article-title":"Autoantibodies are present before the clinical diagnosis of systemic sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Burbelo","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204424","article-title":"2013 classification criteria for systemic sclerosis: An American college of rheumatology\/European league against rheumatism collaborative initiative","volume":"72","author":"Khanna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10977","article-title":"Correlation of serum anti-DNA topoisomerase I antibody levels with disease severity and activity in systemic sclerosis","volume":"48","author":"Hu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200631","article-title":"Demographic, clinical and antibody characteristics of patients with digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis: Data from the DUO Registry","volume":"71","author":"Denton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R166","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3125","article-title":"Predictors of interstitial lung disease in early systemic sclerosis: A prospective longitudinal study of the GENISOS cohort","volume":"12","author":"Assassi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41153","article-title":"Using Autoantibodies and Cutaneous Subset to Develop Outcome-Based Disease Classification in Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"72","author":"Nihtyanova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R211","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3544","article-title":"Prevalence, correlates and clinical usefulness of antibodies to RNA polymerase III in systemic sclerosis: A cross-sectional analysis of data from an Australian cohort","volume":"13","author":"Nikpour","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1180","article-title":"Autoantibodies and scleroderma phenotype define subgroups at high-risk and low-risk for cancer","volume":"77","author":"Igusa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-207271","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of cutaneous manifestations during the early course of systemic sclerosis: A 10-year longitudinal study from the EUSTAR database","volume":"75","author":"Wirz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.130386","article-title":"Prevalence, correlates and outcomes of gastric antral vascular ectasia in systemic sclerosis: A EUSTAR case-control study","volume":"41","author":"Ghrenassia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1246886","article-title":"Association of the autoimmune disease scleroderma with an immunologic response to cancer","volume":"343","author":"Joseph","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.12827","article-title":"Association of anti-RNA polymerase III antibody and malignancy in Japanese patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"42","author":"Saigusa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.160817","article-title":"Malignancies in Patients with Anti-RNA Polymerase III Antibodies and Systemic Sclerosis: Analysis of the EULAR Scleroderma Trials and Research Cohort and Possible Recommendations for Screening","volume":"44","author":"Lazzaroni","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2016.1176327","article-title":"Anticentromere antibody-positive primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome: Epitope analysis of a subset of anticentromere antibody-positive patients","volume":"27","author":"Tanaka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.41.6.612","article-title":"Anticentromere antibody in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"41","author":"Bernstein","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"98","article-title":"Influence of antibody profile in clinical features and prognosis in a cohort of Spanish patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"35","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1080\/08916934.2017.1357699","article-title":"Disease-related autoantibody profile in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"50","author":"Liaskos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.06.009","article-title":"Prevalence of auto-antibodies associated to pulmonary arterial hypertension in scleroderma\u2014A review","volume":"17","author":"Nunes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-018-8718-8","article-title":"Antinuclear Antibodies in Systemic Sclerosis: An Update","volume":"58","author":"Stochmal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.62.2.97","article-title":"Predictors of end stage lung disease in systemic sclerosis","volume":"62","author":"Steen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10760","article-title":"A comparison between anti-Th\/To- and anticentromere antibody-positive systemic sclerosis patients with limited cutaneous involvement","volume":"48","author":"Mitri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2005.03.005","article-title":"Autoantibodies in systemic sclerosis","volume":"35","author":"Steen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2011.07.010","article-title":"\u201cTo Be or Not To Be,\u201d Ten Years After: Evidence for Mixed Connective Tissue Disease as a Distinct Entity","volume":"41","author":"Cappelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.05.011","article-title":"Autoantibodies in systemic sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Mehra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.102400","article-title":"Anti-endothelial cell antibodies in systemic sclerosis","volume":"69","author":"Mihai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2013.05.002","article-title":"Agonistic anti-ICAM-1 antibodies in scleroderma: Activation of endothelial pro-inflammatory cascades","volume":"59","author":"Wolf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vascul. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00181410","article-title":"Targets of anti-endothelial cell antibodies in pulmonary hypertension and scleroderma","volume":"39","author":"Dib","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2000.01115.x","article-title":"Characterization of autoantibodies to endothelial cells in systemic sclerosis (SSc): Association with pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"119","author":"Ihn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31139","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis: A prototypic multisystem fibrotic disorder","volume":"117","author":"Varga","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.137","article-title":"Transforming growth factor beta\u2014At the centre of systemic sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Lafyatis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-014-0411-1","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of scleroderma-interstitial lung disease","volume":"16","author":"Akter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.201203-023AW","article-title":"The impact of TGF-beta on lung fibrosis: From targeting to biomarkers","volume":"9","author":"Fernandez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12319","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1635114100","article-title":"Systemic and cell type-specific gene expression patterns in scleroderma skin","volume":"100","author":"Whitfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22289","article-title":"Recombinant human anti-transforming growth factor beta1 antibody therapy in systemic sclerosis: A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled phase I\/II trial of CAT-192","volume":"56","author":"Denton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38288","article-title":"Association of Interferon- and transforming growth factor beta-regulated genes and macrophage activation with systemic sclerosis-related progressive lung fibrosis","volume":"66","author":"Christmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.53.11.763","article-title":"Plasma TGF beta in systemic sclerosis: A cross-sectional study","volume":"53","author":"Snowden","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kei088","article-title":"Circulating levels of active transforming growth factor beta1 are reduced in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis and correlate inversely with the modified Rodnan skin score","volume":"44","author":"Dziadzio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6064830","article-title":"Reassessing the Role of the Active TGF-\u03b21 as a Biomarker in Systemic Sclerosis: Association of Serum Levels with Clinical Manifestations","volume":"2016","author":"Dantas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1876","article-title":"Elevated levels of platelet derived growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta 1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with scleroderma","volume":"22","author":"Ludwicka","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052955","article-title":"Stimulatory autoantibodies to the PDGF receptor in systemic sclerosis","volume":"354","author":"Baroni","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v2","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken265","article-title":"Role of PDGF in fibrotic diseases and systemic sclerosis","volume":"47","author":"Trojanowska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii14","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep108","article-title":"Skin disease: A cardinal feature of systemic sclerosis","volume":"48","author":"Krieg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-202X.2003.22133.x","article-title":"Insights into the molecular mechanism of chronic fibrosis: The role of connective tissue growth factor in scleroderma","volume":"122","author":"Leask","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.253","article-title":"Abnormally differentiating keratinocytes in the epidermis of systemic sclerosis patients show enhanced secretion of CCN2 and S100A9","volume":"134","author":"Shiwen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.2174\/157339710793205611","article-title":"Role of growth factors in the pathogenesis of tissue fibrosis in systemic sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Jimenez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"755","article-title":"Hypothesis: Pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Takehara","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2012.07.061","article-title":"Association between the CTGF-945C\/G polymorphism and systemic sclerosis: A meta-analysis","volume":"509","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"135","article-title":"Genetic Susceptibility to Interstitial Lung Disease Associated with Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Tochimoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Circ. Respir. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3004","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39287","article-title":"A longitudinal biomarker for the extent of skin disease in patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis","volume":"67","author":"Rice","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"149","article-title":"Serum levels of connective tissue growth factor are elevated in patients with systemic sclerosis: Association with extent of skin sclerosis and severity of pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"27","author":"Sato","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37705","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis endothelial cells recruit and activate dermal fibroblasts by induction of a connective tissue growth factor (CCN2)\/transforming growth factor \u03b2-dependent mesenchymal-to-mesenchymal transition","volume":"65","author":"Laurenzana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000134644.89917.96","article-title":"Uncontrolled expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors leads to insufficient skin angiogenesis in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"95","author":"Distler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3550","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23968","article-title":"Angiogenesis in systemic sclerosis: Impaired expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 in endothelial progenitor-derived cells under hypoxic conditions","volume":"58","author":"Avouac","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.10.050","article-title":"Endotype-phenotyping may predict a treatment response in progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease","volume":"50","author":"Weigt","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-9-18","article-title":"Serum VEGF levels are related to the presence of pulmonary arterial hypertension in systemic sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Papaioannou","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"1529","article-title":"Elevated vascular endothelial growth factor in systemic sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Choi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.10.009","article-title":"A PRISMA-driven systematic review for predictive risk factors of digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis patients","volume":"14","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3742","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.20.10.3742-3751.2000","article-title":"Characterization of growth-differentiation factor 15, a transforming growth factor beta superfamily member induced following liver injury","volume":"20","author":"Hsiao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38241","article-title":"Growth differentiation factor 15, a marker of lung involvement in systemic sclerosis, is involved in fibrosis development but is not indispensable for fibrosis development","volume":"66","author":"Lambrecht","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-0302","article-title":"Increased expression of growth differentiation factor-15 in systemic sclerosis-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"139","author":"Meadows","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.3109\/s10165-011-0568-7","article-title":"Clinical significance of serum growth differentiation factor-15 levels in systemic sclerosis: Association with disease severity","volume":"22","author":"Yanaba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115806","article-title":"Interleukin-6: From basic science to medicine--40 years in immunology","volume":"23","author":"Kishimoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.111423","article-title":"Interleukin 6 in systemic sclerosis and potential implications for targeted therapy","volume":"39","author":"Muangchan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.026","article-title":"Targeting Interleukin-6 Signaling in Clinic","volume":"50","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200955","article-title":"Clinical and pathological significance of interleukin 6 overexpression in systemic sclerosis","volume":"71","author":"Khan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-1811(01)00128-1","article-title":"Serum levels of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 correlate with total skin thickness score in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Sato","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.120725","article-title":"Serum interleukin 6 is predictive of early functional decline and mortality in interstitial lung disease associated with systemic sclerosis","volume":"40","author":"Sestini","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30318-0","article-title":"Tocilizumab in systemic sclerosis: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"8","author":"Khanna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaas9944","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aas9944","article-title":"BAFF inhibition attenuates fibrosis in scleroderma by modulating the regulatory and effector B cell balance","volume":"4","author":"Matsushita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21526","article-title":"Elevated serum BAFF levels in patients with systemic sclerosis: Enhanced BAFF signaling in systemic sclerosis B lymphocytes","volume":"54","author":"Matsushita","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"2056","article-title":"Elevated serum APRIL levels in patients with systemic sclerosis: Distinct profiles of systemic sclerosis categorized by APRIL and BAFF","volume":"34","author":"Matsushita","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.067967","article-title":"Can CCL2 serum levels be used in risk stratification or to monitor treatment response in systemic sclerosis?","volume":"67","author":"Carulli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-010-1610-4","article-title":"Serum chemokine and cytokine levels as indicators of disease activity in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/35006097","article-title":"Control of TH2 polarization by the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1","volume":"404","author":"Gu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17779","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.30.17779","article-title":"Costimulation of fibroblast collagen and transforming growth factor beta1 gene expression by monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 via specific receptors","volume":"271","author":"Denholm","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1999.00929.x","article-title":"Augmented production of chemokines (monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) and MIP-1beta) in patients with systemic sclerosis: MCP-1 and MIP-1alpha may be involved in the development of pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"117","author":"Hasegawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40171","article-title":"CCL2 in the Circulation Predicts Long-Term Progression of Interstitial Lung Disease in Patients With Early Systemic Sclerosis: Data From Two Independent Cohorts","volume":"69","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R111","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2766","article-title":"Bronchoalveoloar lavage fluid cytokines and chemokines as markers and predictors for the outcome of interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis patients","volume":"11","author":"Schmidt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1114576","article-title":"Proteome-wide analysis and CXCL4 as a biomarker in systemic sclerosis","volume":"370","author":"Affandi","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4347","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.8.4347","article-title":"A chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan on human neutrophils specifically binds platelet factor 4 and is involved in cell activation","volume":"161","author":"Petersen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1006645","article-title":"CXCL4-induced migration of activated T lymphocytes is mediated by the chemokine receptor CXCR3","volume":"83","author":"Mueller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200502-244OC","article-title":"Role of the chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR4 in human pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"173","author":"Pignatti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37742","article-title":"Correlation of interferon-inducible chemokine plasma levels with disease severity in systemic sclerosis","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40243","article-title":"Earliest Phase of Systemic Sclerosis Typified by Increased Levels of Inflammatory Proteins in the Serum","volume":"69","author":"Cossu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem313","article-title":"CXCL10 (alpha) and CCL2 (beta) chemokines in systemic sclerosis\u2014A longitudinal study","volume":"47","author":"Antonelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2009.05.001","article-title":"Increase of CXCL10 serum level in systemic sclerosis interstitial pneumonia","volume":"30","author":"Tiev","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Interne"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80438-9","article-title":"Identification and molecular characterization of fractalkine receptor CX3CR1, which mediates both leukocyte migration and adhesion","volume":"91","author":"Imai","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2003.018705","article-title":"Up regulated expression of fractalkine\/CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"64","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1271-7","article-title":"Increased serum levels of fractalkine and mobilisation of CD34(+)CD45(-) endothelial progenitor cells in systemic sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Benyamine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0206545","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206545","article-title":"Augmented concentrations of CX3CL1 are associated with interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Weigt","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41009","article-title":"Inhibition of the Progression of Skin Inflammation, Fibrosis, and Vascular Injury by Blockade of the CX(3)CL1\/CX(3)CR1 Pathway in Experimental Mouse Models of Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"71","author":"Luong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.3109\/s10165-012-0795-6","article-title":"Serum chemokine levels as prognostic markers in patients with early systemic sclerosis: A multicenter, prospective, observational study","volume":"23","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780270607","article-title":"Lymphocytes in the skin of patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. Quantification, subtyping, and clinical correlations","volume":"27","author":"Roumm","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0171-2985(11)80660-1","article-title":"Expression of class II-MHC antigens in the dermis of patients with progressive systemic sclerosis","volume":"182","author":"Gruschwitz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90337-9","article-title":"Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: The multistep paradigm","volume":"76","author":"Springer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370217693116","article-title":"Targeting cell adhesion molecules with nanoparticles using in vivo and flow-based in vitro models of atherosclerosis","volume":"242","author":"Khodabandehlou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-019-0566-5","article-title":"Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and serum levels as markers of pre-clinical atherosclerosis in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Rashad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ovarian Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780340913","article-title":"Expression and function of surface antigens on scleroderma fibroblasts","volume":"34","author":"Abraham","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1993.1100","article-title":"Circulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"68","author":"Sfikakis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/36.12.1270","article-title":"Circulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in the sera of patients with systemic sclerosis: Enhancement by inflammatory cytokines","volume":"36","author":"Ihn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780380206","article-title":"Correlation of Soluble Adhesion Molecules in the Peripheral-Blood of Scleroderma Patients with Their in-Situ Expression and with Disease-Activity","volume":"38","author":"Gruschwitz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/91.8.561","article-title":"Different patterns of endothelial cell activation in renal and pulmonary vascular disease in scleroderma","volume":"91","author":"Stratton","year":"1998","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-004-0987-3","article-title":"Soluble adhesion molecules (sVCAM-1, sE-selectin), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelin-1 in patients with systemic sclerosis: Relationship to organ systemic involvement","volume":"24","author":"Klimiuk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.080424","article-title":"Bosentan regulates the expression of adhesion molecules on circulating T cells and serum soluble adhesion molecules in systemic sclerosis-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"67","author":"Iannone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1080\/00015550152572976","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis-related Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: Effects of iloprost infusion therapy on serum cytokine, growth factor and soluble adhesion molecule levels","volume":"81","author":"Mittag","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88150","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088150","article-title":"Serum Adhesion Molecule Levels as Prognostic Markers in Patients with Early Systemic Sclerosis: A Multicentre, Prospective, Observational Study","volume":"9","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14153","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis","volume":"45","author":"Asano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"Ota, Y., and Kuwana, M. (2019). Endothelial cells and endothelial progenitor cells in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Eur. J. Rheumatol., 1\u20138."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.04.019","article-title":"Angiogenic cytokines and growth factors in systemic sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Liakouli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.13156","article-title":"Biomarkers in systemic sclerosis: Their potential to predict clinical courses","volume":"43","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2016.01.012","article-title":"Endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) in the pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis-associated pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Myth or reality?","volume":"51","author":"Jimenez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2005.11.015","article-title":"Antiangiogenesis in cancer therapy\u2014Endostatin and its mechanisms of action","volume":"312","author":"Folkman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R11","DOI":"10.1186\/ar596","article-title":"Angiogenic and angiostatic factors in systemic sclerosis: Increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor are a feature of the earliest disease stages and are associated with the absence of fingertip ulcers","volume":"4","author":"Distler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.080516","article-title":"Abnormalities in the regulators of angiogenesis in patients with scleroderma","volume":"36","author":"Hummers","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-008-9101-9","article-title":"Endoglin in angiogenesis and vascular diseases","volume":"11","author":"Goumans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken100","article-title":"Disturbed angiogenesis in systemic sclerosis: High levels of soluble endoglin","volume":"47","author":"Wipff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1159\/000093846","article-title":"A clue for telangiectasis in systemic sclerosis: Elevated serum soluble endoglin levels in patients with the limited cutaneous form of the disease","volume":"213","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(20000306)91:1<66::AID-AJMG12>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome)","volume":"91","author":"Shovlin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kel378","article-title":"Association between an endoglin gene polymorphism and systemic sclerosis-related pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"46","author":"Wipff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-94-4-482","article-title":"Increased factor VIII\/von Willebrand factor antigen and von Willebrand factor activity in scleroderma and in Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"94","author":"Kahaleh","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.55.2.122","article-title":"Von Willebrand factor, thrombomodulin, thromboxane, beta-thromboglobulin and markers of fibrinolysis in primary Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon and systemic sclerosis","volume":"55","author":"Herrick","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/ar295","article-title":"Von Willebrand factor propeptide as a marker of disease activity in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)","volume":"3","author":"Scheja","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Res."},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"414","article-title":"Comprehensive investigation of novel serum markers of pulmonary fibrosis associated with systemic sclerosis and dermato\/polymyositis","volume":"26","author":"Kumanovics","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes068","article-title":"Baseline vWF factor predicts the development of elevated pulmonary artery pressure in systemic sclerosis","volume":"51","author":"Barnes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"914","article-title":"Von Willebrand factor cleaving protease (ADAMTS-13) in 123 patients with connective tissue diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis)","volume":"88","author":"Mannucci","year":"2003","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.96.1.68","article-title":"New serum indicator of interstitial pneumonitis activity. Sialylated carbohydrate antigen KL-6","volume":"96","author":"Kohno","year":"1989","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2012.02.001","article-title":"Utility of KL-6\/MUC1 in the clinical management of interstitial lung diseases","volume":"50","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir. Investig."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.2.311","article-title":"KL-6: A serum marker for interstitial pneumonia","volume":"108","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200106)44:6<1363::AID-ART229>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Clinical significance of surfactant protein D as a serum marker for evaluating pulmonary fibrosis in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"44","author":"Asano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.50.5866","article-title":"Serum KL-6 level as an indicator of active or inactive interstitial pneumonitis associated with connective tissue diseases","volume":"50","author":"Doishita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.12341","article-title":"Serum Krebs von den Lungen-6 level as a diagnostic biomarker for interstitial lung disease in Chinese patients","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Respir."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40815","article-title":"Performance of Candidate Serum Biomarkers for Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease","volume":"71","author":"Elhai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2006.01704.x","article-title":"Increased levels of KL-6 and subsequent mortality in patients with interstitial lung diseases","volume":"260","author":"Satoh","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Intern Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.160339","article-title":"Elevated Serum Krebs von den Lungen-6 in Early Disease Predicts Subsequent Deterioration of Pulmonary Function in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis and Interstitial Lung Disease","volume":"43","author":"Kuwana","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14669","article-title":"Prediction of therapeutic response before and during i.v. cyclophosphamide pulse therapy for interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis: A longitudinal observational study","volume":"45","author":"Sumida","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4439(98)00079-9","article-title":"Surfactant proteins A and D: Disease markers","volume":"1408","author":"Kuroki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-017-9993-5","article-title":"Blood Biomarkers in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"195","author":"Guiot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"1112","article-title":"Comparative study of serum surfactant protein-D and KL-6 concentrations in patients with systemic sclerosis as markers for monitoring the activity of pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"31","author":"Yanaba","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.080633","article-title":"Surfactant Protein D and KL-6 as Serum Biomarkers of Interstitial Lung Disease in Patients with Scleroderma","volume":"36","author":"Hant","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.120997","article-title":"Can Serum Surfactant Protein D or CC-Chemokine Ligand 18 Predict Outcome of Interstitial Lung Disease in Patients with Early Systemic Sclerosis?","volume":"40","author":"Elhaj","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"228","article-title":"Biomarkers to identify ILD and predict lung function decline in scleroderma lung disease or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"32","author":"Kennedy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffus. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.6.8520747","article-title":"Pulmonary surfactant protein D in sera and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids","volume":"152","author":"Honda","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.3.1140","article-title":"A novel human CC chemokine PARC that is most homologous to macrophage-inflammatory protein-1 alpha\/LD78 alpha and chemotactic for T lymphocytes, but not for monocytes","volume":"1","author":"Hieshima","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2003-0078OC","article-title":"Pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine stimulates collagen production in lung fibroblasts","volume":"29","author":"Atamas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22559","article-title":"CCL18 as an indicator of pulmonary fibrotic activity in idiopathic interstitial pneumonias and systemic sclerosis","volume":"56","author":"Prasse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12466","article-title":"MUC5B promoter polymorphism in Japanese patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"20","author":"Horimasu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21257","article-title":"Serum pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine\/CCL18 levels in patients with systemic sclerosis: A sensitive indicator of active pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"52","author":"Kodera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00131713","article-title":"Serum CCL18 is predictive for lung disease progression and mortality in systemic sclerosis","volume":"43","author":"Schupp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.03.004","article-title":"High Level of Chemokine CCL18 Is Associated With Pulmonary Function Deterioration, Lung Fibrosis Progression, and Reduced Survival in Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"150","author":"Garen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00004711","article-title":"Serum CC chemokine ligand-18 predicts lung disease worsening in systemic sclerosis","volume":"38","author":"Tiev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200009","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0009-2020","article-title":"BNP\/NT-proBNP in pulmonary arterial hypertension: Time for point-of-care testing?","volume":"29","author":"Lewis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi891","article-title":"Role of N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide (N-TproBNP) in scleroderma-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"27","author":"Williams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11345","article-title":"N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide as a diagnostic marker of early pulmonary artery hypertension in patients with systemic sclerosis and effects of calcium-channel blockers","volume":"48","author":"Allanore","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.090997","article-title":"Comparison of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and NT-proBNP in screening for pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"37","author":"Cavagna","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23187","article-title":"High N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels and low diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide as independent predictors of the occurrence of precapillary pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"58","author":"Allanore","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01177-2015","article-title":"The 2015 ESC\/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: A practical chronicle of progress","volume":"46","author":"Lau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4189","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23134","article-title":"Endothelin is a downstream mediator of profibrotic responses to transforming growth factor beta in human lung fibroblasts","volume":"56","author":"Kennedy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2003.11.003","article-title":"Endothelin and pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"34","author":"Nahir","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780340220","article-title":"Elevated plasma levels of endothelin-1 in systemic sclerosis","volume":"34","author":"Yamane","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.54.9.730","article-title":"Plasma endothelin-1 levels in patients with systemic sclerosis: Influence of pulmonary or systemic arterial hypertension","volume":"54","author":"Morelli","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2006.12.019","article-title":"Assessment of plasma endothelin level measurement in systemic sclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Schmidt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Interne"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.081030","article-title":"Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon and plasma endothelin: Correlations with capillaroscopic patterns in systemic sclerosis","volume":"36","author":"Sulli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-009-1288-7","article-title":"Capillary dimension measured by computer-based digitalized image correlated with plasma endothelin-1 levels in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"831","article-title":"Increased levels of endothelin-1 and differential endothelin type A and B receptor expression in scleroderma-associated fibrotic lung disease","volume":"151","author":"Abraham","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-017-3797-z","article-title":"Endothelin-1, alpha-Klotho, 25(OH) Vit D levels and severity of disease in scleroderma patients","volume":"37","author":"Hajialilo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)80157-0","article-title":"Plasma endothelin-1 levels, pulmonary hypertension, and lung fibrosis in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"99","author":"Morelli","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v25","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken283","article-title":"Endothelin and scleroderma lung disease","volume":"47","author":"Silver","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27466","article-title":"Randomized, prospective, placebo-controlled trial of bosentan in interstitial lung disease secondary to systemic sclerosis","volume":"62","author":"Seibold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.150061","article-title":"Autoantibodies against Endothelin 1 Type A Receptor Are Strong Predictors of Digital Ulcers in Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"42","author":"Avouac","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.02558.x","article-title":"Circulating type I collagen degradation products: A new serum marker for clinical severity in patients with scleroderma?","volume":"139","author":"Hunzelmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_177","first-page":"68","article-title":"Correlation of serum collagen I carboxyterminal telopeptide concentrations with cutaneous and pulmonary involvement in systemic sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Allanore","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/28.2.98","article-title":"Serum type III procollagen peptide concentrations in systemic sclerosis and Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: Relationship to disease activity and duration","volume":"28","author":"Black","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08091559","article-title":"Predictive value of serum III procollagen for diagnosis of pulmonary involvement in patients with scleroderma","volume":"8","author":"Diot","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64233-8","article-title":"Type III, IV, and VI Collagens Turnover in Systemic Sclerosis\u2014A Longitudinal Study","volume":"10","author":"Juhl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0171344","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171344","article-title":"Sputum biomarkers in IPF: Evidence for raised gene expression and protein level of IGFBP-2, IL-8 and MMP-7","volume":"12","author":"Guiot","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2018.02.007","article-title":"Emerging insights into the role of matrix metalloproteases as therapeutic targets in fibrosis","volume":"68\u201369","author":"Afratis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2007.07.001","article-title":"Control of matrix metalloproteinase catalytic activity","volume":"26","author":"Ra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R71","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1454","article-title":"Elevated matrix metalloproteinase-9 in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2011.01321.x","article-title":"Elevated MMP-7 levels in patients with systemic sclerosis: Correlation with pulmonary involvement","volume":"20","author":"Moinzadeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200837","article-title":"Increased serum levels and tissue expression of matrix metalloproteinase-12 in patients with systemic sclerosis: Correlation with severity of skin and pulmonary fibrosis and vascular damage","volume":"71","author":"Manetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2048","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis fibroblasts inhibit in vitro angiogenesis by MMP-12-dependent cleavage of the endothelial cell urokinase receptor","volume":"210","author":"Serrati","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200601-012TK","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteases in aberrant fibrotic tissue remodeling","volume":"3","author":"Pardo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.09.003","article-title":"The role of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27443","article-title":"MicroRNA-29, a key regulator of collagen expression in systemic sclerosis","volume":"62","author":"Maurer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.09.007","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 signaling augments transforming growth factor-beta responses: A novel mechanism for maintaining and amplifying fibrosis in scleroderma","volume":"182","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-1054-6","article-title":"miR-155 in the progression of lung fibrosis in systemic sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Christmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2015.07.001","article-title":"MicroRNAs Regulating Signaling Pathways: Potential Biomarkers in Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genom. Proteom. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2010.11.007","article-title":"Circulating miR-29a levels in patients with scleroderma spectrum disorder","volume":"61","author":"Kawashita","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1982.tb22124.x","article-title":"The phenomenon of the acute phase response","volume":"389","author":"Kushner","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21968","article-title":"Does C-reactive protein predict the long-term progression of interstitial lung disease and survival in patients with early systemic sclerosis?","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060518760955","article-title":"High acute phase protein levels correlate with pulmonary and skin involvement in patients with diffuse systemic sclerosis","volume":"46","author":"Widuchowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21716","article-title":"Association of C-reactive protein with high disease activity in systemic sclerosis: Results from the Canadian Scleroderma Research Group","volume":"64","author":"Muangchan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.5114\/reum.2018.77977","article-title":"Interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis: Challenges in early diagnosis and management","volume":"56","author":"Chowaniec","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reumatologia"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3073","article-title":"Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets","volume":"11","author":"Murray","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-015-0554-8","article-title":"Macrophage Involvement in Systemic Sclerosis: Do We Need More Evidence?","volume":"18","author":"Stifano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2448","article-title":"Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation","volume":"8","author":"Mosser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7303","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.10.7303","article-title":"Transcriptional profiling of the human monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and polarization: New molecules and patterns of gene expression","volume":"177","author":"Martinez","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.72.4.711","article-title":"Endotoxin induces rapid metalloproteinase-mediated shedding followed by up-regulation of the monocyte hemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163","volume":"72","author":"Hintz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.107.149435","article-title":"Downregulation of the hemoglobin scavenger receptor in individuals with diabetes and the Hp 2-2 genotype: Implications for the response to intraplaque hemorrhage and plaque vulnerability","volume":"101","author":"Levy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R128","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3066","article-title":"Characterization of monocyte\/macrophage subsets in the skin and peripheral blood derived from patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Jinnin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-010-1691-z","article-title":"Serum levels of soluble CD163 in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"32","author":"Nakayama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8509583","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8509583","article-title":"Soluble CD163 as a Potential Biomarker in Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"2018","author":"Frantz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.5152\/eurjrheum.2016.15088","article-title":"Serum Soluble CD163 and its association with various disease parameters in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Hassan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-012-1972-x","article-title":"Increased serum levels of soluble CD163 in patients with scleroderma","volume":"31","author":"Shimizu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R69","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4246","article-title":"High serum sCD163\/sTWEAK ratio is associated with lower risk of digital ulcers but more severe skin disease in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Bielecki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2930781","article-title":"New families in the classification of glycosyl hydrolases based on amino acid sequence similarities","volume":"293","author":"Henrissat","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2147\/CBF.S60446","article-title":"Biomarker discovery in systemic sclerosis: State of the art","volume":"5","author":"Bonella","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Biomark. Find."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5167","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.7.5167","article-title":"YKL-40 is elevated in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and activates alveolar macrophages","volume":"181","author":"Kozhich","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e3283306533","article-title":"The chitinase and chitinase-like proteins: A review of genetic and functional studies in asthma and immune-mediated diseases","volume":"9","author":"Ober","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_216","first-page":"80","article-title":"The clinical relevance of autoantibodies in scleroderma","volume":"5","author":"Ho","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_217","first-page":"165","article-title":"Bronchoalveolar lavage proteomic analysis in pulmonary fibrosis associated with systemic sclerosis: S100A6 and 14-3-3\u03b5 as potential biomarkers","volume":"58","author":"Landi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/03009740510018598","article-title":"High serum levels of YKL-40 in patients with systemic sclerosis are associated with pulmonary involvement","volume":"34","author":"Nordenbaek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rheumatol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/11\/3388\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:25:58Z","timestamp":1760178358000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/11\/3388"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]},"references-count":218,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm9113388"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9113388","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]]}}}