{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T18:49:19Z","timestamp":1789325359323,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is potentially a broad range of patient populations in which ultrasound imaging (US) might be beneficial form of physiotherapy process support. Among them, the group of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is of great importance, as in this individuals the diaphragm dysfunction is frequently observed. Pulmonary physiotherapy often includes techniques which are intended to influence the diaphragm muscle but its anatomy does not allow for variety of techniques to assess function. Lack of easily available and reliable measures complicates outcomes interpretation and makes decision-making process difficult. A review of the electronic literature was conducted to identify studies related to the US assessment of physiotherapy process and its outcome in COPD patients. As a consequence, seven papers were identified. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the diaphragm excursion is US measure that is most often described in context of diaphragm-related physiotherapy in COPD patients. The methodology applied, however, varies greatly making it difficult to compare results. Thus, developing standards of outcome assessment methods and therapy monitoring systems which are supported by evidence should be of paramount importance. Future studies could also focus on identifying which components of physiotherapeutic diaphragm-targeted approach provide acceptable level of evidence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9113525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]],"date-time":"2020-10-31T21:39:56Z","timestamp":1604180396000},"page":"3525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Use of Diaphragm Ultrasonography in Pulmonary Physiotherapy of COPD Patients: A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9643-7420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Lewi\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation, J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2763-9341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Shahnazaryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2007.01194.x","article-title":"Air trapping: The major factor limiting diaphragm mobility in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients","volume":"13","author":"Paulin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1590\/s1806-37562016000000097","article-title":"Diaphragmatic mobility: Relationship with lung function, respiratory muscle strength, dyspnea, and physical activity in daily life in patients with COPD","volume":"43","author":"Rocha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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