{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T04:54:15Z","timestamp":1791435255734,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,8]],"date-time":"2020-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-infectious uveitis (NIU) represents one of the leading causes of blindness in developed countries. The therapeutic strategy aims to rapidly control intra-ocular inflammation, prevent irremediable ocular damage, allow corticosteroid sparing and save the vision, and has evolved over the last few years. Anterior NIU is mostly managed with topical treatment in adults. However, for intermediate, posterior and pan-uveitis, notably when both eyes are involved, systemic treatment is usually warranted. Biotherapies are recommended in case of inefficacy or non-tolerance of conventional immunosuppressive drugs in non-anterior NIU. Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNF-\u03b1) agents are by far the most widely used, especially adalimumab (ADA) and infliximab (IFX). In case of sight-threatening uveitis in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease or in case of risk of severe recurrences, respectively IFX and ADA may be recommended as first-line therapy. Many questions are left unanswered; how long to treat NIU, how to discontinue anti-TNF-\u03b1 agents, what biologic to use in case of anti-TNF-\u03b1 failure? The objective of this review is to present an updated overview of knowledge on the use of biological treatments in NIU.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9113599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,8]],"date-time":"2020-11-08T19:03:37Z","timestamp":1604862217000},"page":"3599","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Biotherapies in Uveitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Mathilde","family":"Leclercq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, H\u00f4pital Charles Nicolle, F-76000 Rouen, France"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, AP-HP, Centre national de r\u00e9f\u00e9rences Maladies Autoimmunes et syst\u00e9miques rares et Maladies Autoinflammatoires rares, Groupe Hospitalier Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, F-75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Claire","family":"Desbois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, AP-HP, Centre national de r\u00e9f\u00e9rences Maladies Autoimmunes et syst\u00e9miques rares et Maladies Autoinflammatoires rares, Groupe Hospitalier Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, F-75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9s, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), F-75005 Paris, France"},{"name":"Biotherapy (CIC-BTi), H\u00f4pital Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, AP-HP, F-75651 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanny","family":"Domont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, AP-HP, Centre national de r\u00e9f\u00e9rences Maladies Autoimmunes et syst\u00e9miques rares et Maladies Autoinflammatoires rares, Groupe Hospitalier Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, F-75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9s, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), F-75005 Paris, France"},{"name":"Biotherapy (CIC-BTi), H\u00f4pital Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, AP-HP, F-75651 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Maalouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, AP-HP, Centre national de r\u00e9f\u00e9rences Maladies Autoimmunes et syst\u00e9miques rares et Maladies Autoinflammatoires rares, Groupe Hospitalier Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, F-75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9s, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), F-75005 Paris, France"},{"name":"Biotherapy (CIC-BTi), H\u00f4pital Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, AP-HP, F-75651 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Touhami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, F-75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6727-4992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrice","family":"Cacoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, AP-HP, Centre national de r\u00e9f\u00e9rences Maladies Autoimmunes et syst\u00e9miques rares et Maladies Autoinflammatoires rares, Groupe Hospitalier Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, F-75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9s, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), F-75005 Paris, France"},{"name":"Biotherapy (CIC-BTi), H\u00f4pital Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, AP-HP, F-75651 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahram","family":"Bodaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, F-75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Saadoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, AP-HP, Centre national de r\u00e9f\u00e9rences Maladies Autoimmunes et syst\u00e9miques rares et Maladies Autoinflammatoires rares, Groupe Hospitalier Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, F-75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9s, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), F-75005 Paris, France"},{"name":"Biotherapy (CIC-BTi), H\u00f4pital Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re, AP-HP, F-75651 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.03.057","article-title":"Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group. 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