{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T17:19:32Z","timestamp":1780679972953,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuroendocrine neoplasms make up a heterogeneous group of tumors with inter-patient and intra-patient variabilities. Molecular imaging can help to identify and characterize neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Furthermore, imaging and treatment with novel theranostics agents offers a new, tailored approach to managing NETs. Recent advances in the management of NETs aim to enhance the effectiveness of targeted treatment with either modifications of known substances or the development of new substances with better targeting features. There have been several attempts to increase the detectability of NET lesions via positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and improvements in pretreatment planning using dosimetry. Especially notable is PET imaging with the radionuclide Copper-64. Increasing interest is also being paid to theranostics of grade 3 and purely differentiated NETs, for example, via targeting of the C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). The aim of this review is to summarize the most relevant recent studies, which present promising new agents in molecular imaging and therapy for NETs, novel combination therapies and new applications of existing molecular imaging modalities in nuclear medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9113679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T21:48:52Z","timestamp":1605563332000},"page":"3679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Advances in Molecular Imaging and Radionuclide Therapy of Neuroendocrine Tumors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5881-2819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Yordanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, St. Marien Hospital Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-J\u00fcrgen","family":"Biersack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hojjat","family":"Ahmadzadehfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Westfalen, 44309 Dortmund, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2018.78.5865","article-title":"Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With Progressive Midgut Neuroendocrine Tumors Treated With (177)Lu-Dotatate in the Phase III NETTER-1 Trial","volume":"36","author":"Strosberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-019-04431-3","article-title":"Quality of life in patients with midgut NET following peptide receptor radionuclide therapy","volume":"46","author":"Marinova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-017-3816-z","article-title":"Improving quality of life in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor following peptide receptor radionuclide therapy assessed by EORTC QLQ-C","volume":"45","author":"Marinova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-11-0013","article-title":"Classification and pathology of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms","volume":"18","author":"Kloppel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr. Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-007-0461-0","article-title":"Site-specific biology and pathology of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"451","author":"Kloppel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-007-0452-1","article-title":"TNM staging of midgut and hindgut (neuro) endocrine tumors: A consensus proposal including a grading system","volume":"451","author":"Rindi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(90)90235-5","article-title":"Treatment with Sandostatin and in vivo localization of tumors with radiolabeled somatostatin analogs","volume":"39","author":"Lamberts","year":"1990","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"20","article-title":"Somatostatin receptor imaging with 123I-Tyr3-Octreotide","volume":"28","author":"Lamberts","year":"1990","journal-title":"Z. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)91258-0","article-title":"Localisation of endocrine-related tumours with radioiodinated analogue of somatostatin","volume":"1","author":"Krenning","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4821","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S140671","article-title":"Theranostics in nuclear medicine practice","volume":"10","author":"Yordanova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.106.035667","article-title":"68Ga-DOTA-Tyr3-Octreotide PET in Neuroendocrine Tumors: Comparison with Somatostatin Receptor Scintigraphy and CT","volume":"48","author":"Gabriel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-008-1030-8","article-title":"Intraindividual comparison of 68Ga-DOTA-TATE and 18F-DOPA PET in patients with well-differentiated metastatic neuroendocrine tumours","volume":"36","author":"Haug","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23469","article-title":"Functional imaging of neuroendocrine tumors with combined PET\/CT using 68Ga-DOTATATE (DOTA-DPhe1,Tyr3-octreotate) and 18F-FDG","volume":"112","author":"Kayani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-003-1255-5","article-title":"DOTA-NOC, a high-affinity ligand of somatostatin receptor subtypes 2, 3 and 5 for labelling with various radiometals","volume":"30","author":"Wild","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.111.091165","article-title":"68Ga-DOTATOC versus 68Ga-DOTATATE PET\/CT in functional imaging of neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"52","author":"Poeppel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1607427","article-title":"Phase 3 Trial of 177Lu-Dotatate for Midgut Neuroendocrine Tumors","volume":"376","author":"Strosberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-015-0114-2","article-title":"Early side effects and first results of radioligand therapy with (177)Lu-DKFZ-617 PSMA of castrate-resistant metastatic prostate cancer: A two-centre study","volume":"5","author":"Ahmadzadehfar","year":"2015","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.116.183194","article-title":"German Multicenter Study Investigating 177Lu-PSMA-617 Radioligand Therapy in Advanced Prostate Cancer Patients","volume":"58","author":"Rahbar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"526","article-title":"Re-challenge [177Lu] Lu-PSMA-617 in patients with advanced prostate cancer: Outcome and safety","volume":"59","author":"Yordanova","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30198-0","article-title":"[177 Lu]-PSMA-617 radionuclide treatment in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (LuPSMA trial): A single-centre, single-arm, phase 2 study","volume":"19","author":"Hofman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40495-015-0044-8","article-title":"Potential of CXCR4\/CXCL12 Chemokine Axis in Cancer Drug Delivery","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4819","DOI":"10.1039\/C4DT02846E","article-title":"A nuclear chocolate box: The periodic table of nuclear medicine","volume":"44","author":"Blower","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"59","article-title":"(68)Ga-DOTATOC PET and gene expression profile in patients with neuroendocrine carcinomas: Strong correlation between PET tracer uptake and gene expression of somatostatin receptor subtype","volume":"6","author":"Olsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-019-01328-3","article-title":"The Correlation Between [68Ga]DOTATATE PET\/CT and Cell Proliferation in Patients With GEP-NENs","volume":"21","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0000000000001356","article-title":"Correlation of DOTATOC Uptake and Pathologic Grade in Neuroendocrine Tumors","volume":"48","author":"Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlsen, E.A., Johnbeck, C.B., Binderup, T., Loft, M., Pfeifer, A., Mortensen, J., Oturai, P., Loft, A., Berthelsen, A.K., and Langer, S.W. (2020). (64)Cu-DOTATATE PET\/CT and prediction of overall and progression-free survival in patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms. J. Nucl. Med.","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.119.240143"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2217\/fon-2017-0393","article-title":"The utility of (68)Ga-DOTATATE positron-emission tomography\/computed tomography in the diagnosis, management, follow-up and prognosis of neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"14","author":"Tirosh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181fd37e8","article-title":"The Impact of 68Ga-DOTATOC Positron Emission Tomography\/Computed Tomography on the Multimodal Management of Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors","volume":"252","author":"Frilling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.18754","article-title":"Imaging of Chemokine Receptor 4 Expression in Neuroendocrine Tumors\u2014A Triple Tracer Comparative Approach","volume":"7","author":"Werner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1159\/000475526","article-title":"ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the Standards of Care in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy with Radiolabelled Somatostatin Analogues","volume":"105","author":"Hicks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-013-2547-z","article-title":"Outcome and toxicity of salvage therapy with 177Lu-octreotate in patients with metastatic gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours","volume":"41","author":"Sabet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000001386","article-title":"Successful Repeated Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapies in Renal Neuroendocrine Tumor with Osseous Metastasis","volume":"41","author":"Yordanova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-017-3652-1","article-title":"Safety of multiple repeated cycles of 177Lu-octreotate in patients with recurrent neuroendocrine tumour","volume":"44","author":"Yordanova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-018-4158-1","article-title":"Salvage peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with [(177)Lu-DOTA,Tyr(3)]octreotate in patients with bronchial and gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours","volume":"46","author":"Brabander","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudisile, S., Gosewisch, A., Wenter, V., Unterrainer, M., B\u00f6ning, G., Gildehaus, F.J., Fendler, W.P., Auernhammer, C.J., Spitzweg, C., and Bartenstein, P. (2019). Salvage PRRT with (177)Lu-DOTA-octreotate in extensively pretreated patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumor (NET): Dosimetry, toxicity, efficacy, and survival. BMC Cancer, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-6000-y"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180041","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20180041","article-title":"Retreatment with peptide receptor radionuclide therapy in patients with progressing neuroendocrine tumours: Efficacy and prognostic factors for response","volume":"91","author":"Vaughan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.19588","article-title":"The NETPET Score: Combining FDG and Somatostatin Receptor Imaging for Optimal Management of Patients with Metastatic Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors","volume":"7","author":"Hindie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.18068","article-title":"Dual Somatostatin Receptor\/FDG PET\/CT Imaging in Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumours: Proposal for a Novel Grading Scheme with Prognostic Significance","volume":"7","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340389","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2340389","article-title":"Clinical and Prognostic Value of PET\/CT Imaging with Combination of 68Ga-DOTATATE and 18F-FDG in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms","volume":"2018","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contrast Media Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.115.154500","article-title":"Modifying the Poor Prognosis Associated with 18F-FDG-Avid NET with Peptide Receptor Chemo-Radionuclide Therapy (PRCRT)","volume":"56","author":"Hofman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-014-2906-4","article-title":"Favourable outcomes of (177)Lu-octreotate peptide receptor chemoradionuclide therapy in patients with FDG-avid neuroendocrine tumours","volume":"42","author":"Kashyap","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.114.142224","article-title":"Can Complementary 68Ga-DOTATATE and 18F-FDG PET\/CT Establish the Missing Link Between Histopathology and Therapeutic Approach in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors?","volume":"55","author":"Simsek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mds276","article-title":"Predictive and prognostic factors for treatment and survival in 305 patients with advanced gastrointestinal neuroendocrine carcinoma (WHO G3): The NORDIC NEC study","volume":"24","author":"Sorbye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-017-3821-2","article-title":"Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) in European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society (ENETS) grade 3 (G3) neuroendocrine neoplasia (NEN)\u2014A single-institution retrospective analysis","volume":"45","author":"Thang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-017-3925-8","article-title":"Investigation of receptor radionuclide therapy with (177)Lu-DOTATATE in patients with GEP-NEN and a high Ki-67 proliferation index","volume":"45","author":"Nicolini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e329","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000002532","article-title":"Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy Combined With Chemotherapy in Patients With Neuroendocrine Tumors","volume":"44","author":"Yordanova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-010-1631-x","article-title":"Phase II study of radiopeptide 177Lu-octreotate and capecitabine therapy of progressive disseminated neuroendocrine tumours","volume":"38","author":"Claringbold","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"561","article-title":"Phase I-II Study of Radiopeptide177Lu-Octreotate in Combination with Capecitabine and Temozolomide in Advanced Low-Grade Neuroendocrine Tumors","volume":"27","author":"Claringbold","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Biother. Radiopharm."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2020.38.4_suppl.604","article-title":"First results for Australasian Gastrointestinal Trials Group (AGITG) control net study: Phase II study of 177Lu-octreotate peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (LuTate PRRT) +\/\u2212 capecitabine, temozolomide (CAPTEM) for midgut neuroendocrine tumors (mNETs)","volume":"38","author":"Pavlakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67199-9","article-title":"Enhancing the anti-tumour activity of (177)Lu-DOTA-octreotate radionuclide therapy in somatostatin receptor-2 expressing tumour models by targeting PARP","volume":"10","author":"Cullinane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25711","article-title":"PET\/MRI: Where might it replace PET\/CT?","volume":"46","author":"Ehman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.2174\/1874471012999190404151701","article-title":"PET\/MRI in Neuroendocrine Tumours: Blessings and Curses","volume":"12","author":"Paola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Radiopharm."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4091","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-4803-2","article-title":"Evaluation of (68)Ga-DOTATOC PET\/MRI for whole-body staging of neuroendocrine tumours in comparison with (68)Ga-DOTATOC PET\/CT","volume":"27","author":"Sawicki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"339","article-title":"[177]Lu-pentixather: Preclinical and first patient results with a highly promising CXCR4-directed endoradiotherapeutic agent","volume":"56","author":"Schottelius","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2174\/1874471011104020109","article-title":"Recent advances in copper radiopharmaceuticals","volume":"4","author":"Hao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Radiopharm."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.116.180430","article-title":"Head-to-Head Comparison of (64)Cu-DOTATATE and (68)Ga-DOTATOC PET\/CT: A Prospective Study of 59 Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors","volume":"58","author":"Johnbeck","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"504","article-title":"64Cu-DOTATATE somatostatin receptor imaging in neuroendocrine tumors: Experience from 500 patients at Copenhagen ENETS Center of Excellence","volume":"60","author":"Kjaer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.119.236091","article-title":"(64)Cu-DOTATATE PET\/CT for Imaging Patients with Known or Suspected Somatostatin Receptor\u2013Positive Neuroendocrine Tumors: Results of the First U.S. Prospective, Reader-Masked Clinical Trial","volume":"61","author":"Delpassand","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/jlcr.3165","article-title":"Chelators for copper radionuclides in positron emission tomography radiopharmaceuticals","volume":"57","author":"Cai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Label. Compd. Radiopharm."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.118.217745","article-title":"(64)Cu-SARTATE PET Imaging of Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors Demonstrates High Tumor Uptake and Retention, Potentially Allowing Prospective Dosimetry for Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy","volume":"60","author":"Hicks","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rylova, S.N., Stoykow, C., Del Pozzo, L., Abiraj, K., Tamma, M.L., Kiefer, Y., Fani, M., and Maecke, H.R. (2018). The somatostatin receptor 2 antagonist 64Cu-NODAGA-JR11 outperforms 64Cu-DOTA-TATE in a mouse xenograft model. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195802"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.119.233015","article-title":"Improving Contrast and Detectability: Imaging with (55)CoCo-DOTATATE in Comparison with (64)CuCu-DOTATATE and (68)GaGa-DOTATATE","volume":"61","author":"Andersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-020-04709-x","article-title":"Impact of liver tumour burden, alkaline phosphatase elevation, and target lesion size on treatment outcomes with 177Lu-Dotatate: An analysis of the NETTER-1 study","volume":"47","author":"Strosberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-013-2677-3","article-title":"Outcome of peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with 177Lu-octreotate in advanced grade 1\/2 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours","volume":"41","author":"Ezziddin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-019-02350-2","article-title":"Radioembolization with (90)Y Resin Microspheres of Neuroendocrine Liver Metastases After Initial Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy","volume":"43","author":"Braat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30027-9","article-title":"Additional holmium-166 radioembolisation after lutetium-177-dotatate in patients with neuroendocrine tumour liver metastases (HEPAR PLuS): A single-centre, single-arm, open-label, phase 2 study","volume":"21","author":"Braat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.23491","article-title":"Evans Blue Attachment Enhances Somatostatin Receptor Subtype-2 Imaging and Radiotherapy","volume":"8","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3308","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.25919","article-title":"Response to Single Low-dose (177)Lu-DOTA-EB-TATE Treatment in Patients with Advanced Neuroendocrine Neoplasm: A Prospective Pilot Study","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16436","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607761103","article-title":"Radiolabeled somatostatin receptor antagonists are preferable to agonists for in vivo peptide receptor targeting of tumors","volume":"103","author":"Ginj","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.115.167007","article-title":"Comparison of the Therapeutic Response to Treatment with a 177Lu-Labeled Somatostatin Receptor Agonist and Antagonist in Preclinical Models","volume":"57","author":"Dalm","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.117.191684","article-title":"Biodistribution, Pharmacokinetics, and Dosimetry of (177)Lu-, (90)Y-, and (111)In-Labeled Somatostatin Receptor Antagonist OPS201 in Comparison to the Agonist (177)Lu-DOTATATE: The Mass Effect","volume":"58","author":"Nicolas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.114.138834","article-title":"Comparison of Somatostatin Receptor Agonist and Antagonist for Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy: A Pilot Study","volume":"55","author":"Wild","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.116.177733","article-title":"Highly Increased 125 I-JR11 Antagonist Binding In Vitro Reveals Novel Indications for sst 2 Targeting in Human Cancers","volume":"58","author":"Reubi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.119.235093","article-title":"Head-to-Head Comparison of (68)Ga-DOTA-JR11 and (68)Ga-DOTATATE PET\/CT in Patients with Metastatic, Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Prospective Study","volume":"61","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.117.199737","article-title":"Safety, Biodistribution, and Radiation Dosimetry of68Ga-OPS202 (68Ga-NODAGA-JR11) in Patients with Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Prospective Phase I Imaging Study","volume":"59","author":"Nicolas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krebs, S., O\u2019Donoghue, J.A., Biegel, E., Beattie, B.J., Reidy, D., Lyashchenko, S.K., Lewis, J.S., Bodei, L., Weber, W.A., and Pandit-Taskar, N. (2020). Comparison of 68Ga-DOTA-JR11 PET\/CT with dosimetric 177Lu-satoreotide tetraxetan (177Lu-DOTA-JR11) SPECT\/CT in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors undergoing peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-020-04832-9"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-014-2857-9","article-title":"213Bi-DOTATOC receptor-targeted alpha-radionuclide therapy induces remission in neuroendocrine tumours refractory to beta radiation: A first-in-human experience","volume":"41","author":"Kratochwil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-019-04567-2","article-title":"Broadening horizons with (225)Ac-DOTATATE targeted alpha therapy for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumour patients stable or refractory to (177)Lu-DOTATATE PRRT: First clinical experience on the efficacy and safety","volume":"47","author":"Ballal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000002915","article-title":"Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy Using 225Ac-DOTATOC Achieves Partial Remission in a Patient With Progressive Neuroendocrine Liver Metastases After Repeated \u03b2-Emitter Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Binderup, T., Knigge, U., Johnbeck, C.B., Loft, A., Berthelsen, A.K., Oturai, P., Mortensen, J., Federspiel, B., Langer, S.W., and Kjaer, A. (2020). (18)F-FDG-PET is superior to WHO grading as prognostic tool in neuroendocrine neoplasms and useful in guiding peptide receptor radionuclide therapy: A prospective 10-year follow-up study of 166 patients. J. Nucl. Med.","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.120.244798"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.19119","article-title":"(177)Lupentixather: Comprehensive Preclinical Characterization of a First CXCR4-directed Endoradiotherapeutic Agent","volume":"7","author":"Schottelius","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.115.167361","article-title":"First-in-Human Experience of CXCR4-Directed Endoradiotherapy with 177Lu- and 90Y-Labeled Pentixather in Advanced-Stage Multiple Myeloma with Extensive Intra- and Extramedullary Disease","volume":"57","author":"Herrmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.16576","article-title":"[68Ga]Pentixafor-PET\/CT for imaging of chemokine receptor CXCR4 expression in multiple myeloma\u2014Comparison to [18F]FDG and laboratory values","volume":"7","author":"Lapa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.118.210997","article-title":"Feasibility of CXCR4-Directed Radioligand Therapy in Advanced Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"60","author":"Lapa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.119.227967","article-title":"(68)Ga-FAPI PET\/CT: Tracer Uptake in 28 Different Kinds of Cancer","volume":"60","author":"Kratochwil","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.115.157768","article-title":"Localization of Hidden Insulinomas with 68Ga-DOTA-Exendin-4 PET\/CT: A Pilot Study","volume":"56","author":"Antwi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.115.167445","article-title":"Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor PET\/CT with 68Ga-NOTA-Exendin-4 for Detecting Localized Insulinoma: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"57","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-018-4101-5","article-title":"Comparison of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) PET\/CT, SPECT\/CT and 3T MRI for the localisation of occult insulinomas: Evaluation of diagnostic accuracy in a prospective crossover imaging study","volume":"45","author":"Antwi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1002\/jlcr.3750","article-title":"Exendin-4 analogs in insulinoma theranostics","volume":"62","author":"Jansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Label. Compd. Radiopharm."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.119.233031","article-title":"Cholecystokinin 2 Receptor Agonist (177)Lu-PP-F11N for Radionuclide Therapy of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: Results of the Lumed Phase 0a Study","volume":"61","author":"Rottenburger","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14605","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7522","article-title":"Assessment of cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R) in neoplastic tissue","volume":"7","author":"Roy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3930","DOI":"10.1021\/mp500283k","article-title":"PET and SPECT Imaging of a Radiolabeled Minigastrin Analogue Conjugated with DOTA, NOTA, and NODAGA and Labeled with (64)Cu, (68)Ga, and (111)In","volume":"11","author":"Roosenburg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-017-3728-y","article-title":"Guideline for PET\/CT imaging of neuroendocrine neoplasms with 68Ga-DOTA-conjugated somatostatin receptor targeting peptides and 18F\u2013DOPA","volume":"44","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/s13139-018-0523-z","article-title":"Current Consensus on I-131 MIBG Therapy","volume":"52","author":"Kayano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5546","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.10.5546","article-title":"G Protein-Coupled Chemokine Receptors Induce Both Survival and Apoptotic Signaling Pathways","volume":"169","author":"Vlahakis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2009.01.014","article-title":"64Cu-AMD3100\u2014A novel imaging agent for targeting chemokine receptor CXCR","volume":"17","author":"Jacobson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2009.12.018","article-title":"99mTc\u2013AMD3100: A novel potential receptor-targeting radiopharmaceutical for tumor imaging","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.110.085613","article-title":"Imaging CXCR4 Expression in Human Cancer Xenografts: Evaluation of Monocyclam 64Cu-AMD","volume":"52","author":"Peyre","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-010-0466-y","article-title":"Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Tumors Expressing the Human Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 in Mice with the Use of 64Cu-AMD","volume":"14","author":"Weiss","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Biol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2013.02.003","article-title":"[99mTc] O2-AMD3100 as a SPECT tracer for CXCR4 receptor imaging","volume":"40","author":"Hartimath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2014.04.081","article-title":"Bridged cyclams as imaging agents for chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4)","volume":"41","author":"Woodard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00770","article-title":"CXCR4-Directed Imaging in Solid Tumors","volume":"9","author":"Werner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(02)03143-5","article-title":"Chemokine receptor inhibition by AMD3100 is strictly confined to CXCR","volume":"527","author":"Hatse","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041385","article-title":"Rapid mobilization of murine and human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells with AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist","volume":"201","author":"Broxmeyer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-11-0340","article-title":"Rationale behind targeting fibroblast activation protein-expressing carcinoma-associated fibroblasts as a novel chemotherapeutic strategy","volume":"11","author":"Brennen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.118.210443","article-title":"Development of Quinoline-Based Theranostic Ligands for the Targeting of Fibroblast Activation Protein","volume":"59","author":"Lindner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.118.210435","article-title":"A Tumor-Imaging Method Targeting Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts","volume":"59","author":"Loktev","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1053\/snuc.2002.31028","article-title":"Cholecystokinin-B\/gastrin receptor-targeting peptides for staging and therapy of medullary thyroid cancer and other cholecystokinin-B receptor-expressing malignancies","volume":"32","author":"Behr","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin. Nucl. Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/11\/3679\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:34:15Z","timestamp":1760178855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/9\/11\/3679"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm9113679"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9113679","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]]}}}