{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:44:35Z","timestamp":1790171075264,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":282,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 CA071345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 CA071345"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-associated mortality globally. Given the limited therapeutic efficacy in advanced HCC, prevention of HCC carcinogenesis could serve as an effective strategy. Patients with chronic fibrosis due to viral or metabolic etiologies are at a high risk of developing HCC. Primary prevention seeks to eliminate cancer predisposing risk factors while tertiary prevention aims to prevent HCC recurrence. Secondary prevention targets patients with baseline chronic liver disease. Various epidemiological and experimental studies have identified candidates for secondary prevention\u2014both etiology-specific and generic prevention strategies\u2014including statins, aspirin, and anti-diabetic drugs. The introduction of multi-cell based omics analysis along with better characterization of the hepatic microenvironment will further facilitate the identification of targets for prevention. In this review, we will summarize HCC risk factors, pathogenesis, and discuss strategies of HCC prevention. We will focus on secondary prevention and also discuss current challenges in translating experimental work into clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9123817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]],"date-time":"2020-11-25T21:55:06Z","timestamp":1606341306000},"page":"3817","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Risk Factors, Pathogenesis, and Strategies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Prevention: Emphasis on Secondary Prevention and Its Translational Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Shen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Saviano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et H\u00e9patiques, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek J.","family":"Erstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9430-1426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yujin","family":"Hoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2149-3081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan C.","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8864-2168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Baumert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et H\u00e9patiques, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth K.","family":"Tanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0186-y","article-title":"A global view of hepatocellular carcinoma: Trends, risk, prevention and management","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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