{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:20:20Z","timestamp":1777591220821,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016627","name":"The Anticancer Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No number"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Commission du Patrimoine of the Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc.","award":["No number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No number"]}]},{"name":"The Fondation Saint-Luc","award":["No number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No number"]}]},{"name":"The Belgian Society of Anaesthesia and Resuscitation","award":["No number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No number"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Pain after breast cancer surgery remains largely unexplained and inconsistently quantified. This study aims to describe the perioperative pain patterns in patients with breast cancer, up to two years after surgery. Methods: This is a pre-planned sub-study of the Ketorolac in Breast Cancer (KBC) trial. The KBC trial was a multicentre, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial of a single dose of 30 mg of ketorolac just before breast cancer surgery, aiming to test its effect on recurrences. This sub-study focuses only on pain outcomes. From 2013 to 2015, 203 patients were randomised to ketorolac (n = 96) or placebo (n = 107). Structured questionnaires were delivered by telephone after one and two years, exploring the presence, location, permanence, and frequency of pain. Patients\u2019 perceptions of pain were captured by an open-ended question, the responses to which were coded and classified using hierarchical clustering. Results: There was no difference in pain between the ketorolac and the placebo group. The reported incidence of permanent pain was 67% and 45% at one and two years, respectively. The largest category was musculoskeletal pain. Permanent pain was mainly described in patients with musculoskeletal pain. The description of pain changed in most patients during the second postoperative year, i.e., moved from one category to another (no pain, permanent, or non-permanent pain, but also, the localisation). This phenomenon includes patients without pain at one year. Conclusions: Pain is a complex phenomenon, but also a fragile and unstable endpoint. Pain after breast cancer surgery does not necessarily mean breast pain but also musculoskeletal and other pains. The permanence of pain and the pain phenotype can change over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9123831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T22:00:33Z","timestamp":1606428033000},"page":"3831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Characterization of Preoperative, Postsurgical, Acute and Chronic Pain in High Risk Breast Cancer Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5772-8439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrice","family":"Forget","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Epidemiology Group, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, NHS Grampian, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taalke","family":"Sitter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Epidemiology Group, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosemary","family":"Hollick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Epidemiology Group, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK"},{"name":"Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK"},{"name":"MRC versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Health and Work, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7099-204X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diane","family":"Dixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Health Psychology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aline","family":"van Maanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Unit, King Albert II Institute, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Dekleermaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5429-7888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francois","family":"Duhoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Roi Albert II, Service d\u2019Oncologie M\u00e9dicale, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc and Institut de Recherche Exp\u00e9rimentale et Clinique (POLE MIRO), UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"De Kock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Centre Hospitalier Wallonie Picarde (CHWAPI), 7500 Tournai, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martine","family":"Berliere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Breast Clinic, King Albert II Institute, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the KBCt Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E352","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.151276","article-title":"Predictors of persistent pain after breast cancer surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"188","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. 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