{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T21:20:39Z","timestamp":1790112039018,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL147562"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL147562"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EB029354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EB029354"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pain in Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a major comorbidity and unique with acute pain due to recurrent and episodic vaso-occlusive crises as well as chronic pain, which can span an individual\u2019s entire life. Opioids are the mainstay treatment for pain in SCD. Due to recent health crises raised by adverse effects including deaths from opioid use, pain management in SCD is adversely affected. Cannabis and its products are most widely used for pain in multiple conditions and also by patients with SCD on their own. With the availability of \u201cMedical Cannabis\u201d and approval to use cannabis as medicine across majority of States in the United States as well as over-the-counter preparations, cannabis products are being used increasingly for SCD. The reliability of many of these products remains questionable, which poses a major health risk to the vulnerable individuals seeking pain relief. Therefore, this review provides up to date insights into available categories of cannabis-based treatment strategies, their mechanism of action and pre-clinical and clinical outcomes in SCD. It provides evidence for the benefits and risks of cannabis use in SCD and cautions about the unreliable and unvalidated products that may be adulterated with life-threatening non-cannabis compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9123902","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T13:08:51Z","timestamp":1606828131000},"page":"3902","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Considerations for Cannabis Use to Treat Pain in Sickle Cell Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Donovan A.","family":"Argueta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology\/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anupam","family":"Aich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology\/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fjolla","family":"Muqolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology\/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemanth","family":"Cherukury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology\/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varun","family":"Sagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas V.","family":"DiPatrizio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalpna","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology\/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA"},{"name":"Southern California Institute for Research and Education, Long Beach VA Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3647","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-04-383430","article-title":"Sickle cell pain: A critical reappraisal","volume":"120","author":"Ballas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-148-2-200801150-00004","article-title":"Daily Assessment of Pain in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease","volume":"148","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. 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