{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T07:56:37Z","timestamp":1761897397478,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,19]],"date-time":"2020-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD16\/0017\/0010, RD16\/0017\/0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0017\/0010, RD16\/0017\/0003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fondo de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria (FIS)","award":["PI09\/02121, PI12\/01838, PI14\/00178, PI16\/00603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI09\/02121, PI12\/01838, PI14\/00178, PI16\/00603"]}]},{"name":"National R+D+I and funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) grant Juan Rodes","award":["JR 16\/00020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JR 16\/00020"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Sanidad, Pol\u00edtica Social e Igualdad, Plan Nacional Sobre Drogas (PNSD)","award":["(2012I054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(2012I054"]}]},{"name":"Suport Grups de Recerca AGAUR-Gencat","award":["2017 SGR 316, 2017 SGR 530"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017 SGR 316, 2017 SGR 530"]}]},{"name":"Acci\u00f3 instrumental d'Intensificaci\u00f3 de Professionals de la Salut - Facultatius especialistes (PERIS)","award":["SLT006\/17\/00014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SLT006\/17\/00014"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MTM2015-64465-C2-1-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MTM2015-64465-C2-1-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Major depression disorder (MDD) is the most prevalent psychiatric comorbid condition in cocaine use disorder (CUD). The comorbid MDD might be primary-MDD (CUD-primary-MDD) or cocaine-induced MDD (CUD-induced-MDD), and their accurate diagnoses and treatment is a challenge for improving prognoses. This study aimed to assess the tryptophan\/serotonin (Trp\/5-HT) system with the acute tryptophan depletion test (ATD), and the kynurenine pathway in subjects with CUD-primary-MDD, CUD-induced-MDD, MDD and healthy controls. The ATD was performed with a randomized, double-blind, crossover, and placebo-controlled design. Markers of enzymatic activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase\/tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT) and kynureninase were also established. Following ATD, we observed a decrease in Trp levels in all groups. Comparison between CUD-induced-MDD and MDD revealed significant differences in 5-HT plasma concentrations (512 + 332 ng\/mL vs. 107 + 127 ng\/mL, p = 0.039) and the Kyn\/5-HT ratio (11 + 15 vs. 112 + 136; p = 0.012), whereas there were no differences between CUD-primary-MDD and MDD. Effect size coefficients show a gradient for all targeted markers (d range 0.72\u20131.67). Results suggest different pathogenesis for CUD-induced-MDD, with lower participation of the tryptophan system, probably more related to other neurotransmitter pathways and accordingly suggesting the need for a different pharmacological treatment approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9124103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T04:12:01Z","timestamp":1608523921000},"page":"4103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Tryptophan System in Cocaine-Induced Depression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0779-6545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francina","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Research Group (GRAd), Neuroscience Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08290 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0387-9375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan-Ignasi","family":"Mestre-Pint\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Research Group (GRAd), Neuroscience Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08002 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c0lex","family":"G\u00f3mez-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08002 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neuroscience Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Martinez-Sanvisens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Minguela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Research Group (GRAd), Neuroscience Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Papaseit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08290 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"},{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), 08003 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6343-6918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"P\u00e9rez-Ma\u00f1\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08290 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"},{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), 08003 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Langohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neuroscience Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Barcelona Barcelonatech, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2264-7852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Valverde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group (GReNeC-NeuroBio), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08002 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Neurobiology of Behaviour Research Group, Neuroscience Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00d3scar","family":"Pozo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neuroscience Research Programme, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8338-7543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mag\u00ed","family":"Farr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08290 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"},{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), 08003 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6222-4761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Torrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addiction Research Group (GRAd), Neuroscience Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08290 Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"on behalf of NEURODEP GROUP","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12010112","article-title":"Current Status of Co-Occurring Mood and Substance Use Disorders: A New Therapeutic Target","volume":"170","author":"Pettinati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. 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