{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:57:16Z","timestamp":1787061436583,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JDB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Developmental biology is intricately regulated by epigenetics and metabolism but the mechanisms are not completely understood. The situation becomes even more complicated during diseases where all three phenomena are dysregulated. A salient example is COVID-19, where the death toll exceeded 6.96 million in 4 years, while the virus continues to mutate into different variants and infect people. Early evidence during the pandemic showed that the host\u2019s immune and inflammatory responses to COVID-19 (like the cytokine storm) impacted the host\u2019s metabolism, causing damage to the host\u2019s organs and overall physiology. The involvement of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the pivotal host receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was identified and linked to epigenetic abnormalities along with other contributing factors. Recently, studies have revealed stronger connections between epigenetics and metabolism in COVID-19 that impact development and accelerate aging. Patients manifest systemic toxicity, immune dysfunction and multi-organ failure. Single-cell multiomics and other state-of-the-art high-throughput studies are only just beginning to demonstrate the extent of dysregulation and damage. As epigenetics and metabolism directly impact development, there is a crucial need for research implementing cutting-edge technology, next-generation sequencing, bioinformatics analysis, the identification of biomarkers and clinical trials to help with prevention and therapeutic interventions against similar threats in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jdb12010009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T09:04:01Z","timestamp":1707469441000},"page":"9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Developmental Impacts of Epigenetics and Metabolism in COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Noopur","family":"Naik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mansi","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi 110007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rwik","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Active Motif, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-019-03048-8","article-title":"How pandemics shape social evolution","volume":"574","author":"Spinney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"157","article-title":"WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic","volume":"91","author":"Cucinotta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prajapati, J., Rao, P., Poojara, L., Goswami, D., Acharya, D., Patel, S.K., and Rawal, R.M. 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