{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:13:07Z","timestamp":1760058787002,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station"},{"name":"Hatch Program of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JDB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is not yet understood why cows that exhibit estrus and ovulate are more likely to become pregnant than those that ovulate but do not exhibit estrus during a fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) protocol. The objective of this work was to determine whether the follicular fluid from cows that exhibit estrus contributes to the increased likelihood of pregnancy. Lactating crossbred cows were subjected to an FTAI estrous synchronization protocol. Estrous behavior was observed and recorded prior to transvaginal follicle aspiration from cows that did (estrus, n = 7) or did not exhibit estrus (non-estrus, n = 6). Follicular fluid (25%) was then added to in vitro maturation media for the maturation of oocytes (n = 1489) from slaughterhouse ovaries. Cleavage rates were not affected by the estrous status of the cows from which the follicular fluid was collected. Blastocyst rates, however, were greater following maturation in the presence of follicular fluid from estrus cows compared to non-estrus cows (p \u2264 0.01). This difference in blastocyst rates was not related to blastocyst cell numbers (inner cell mass, trophoblast, and total), as they did not differ between estrus and non-estrus animals. This study demonstrates that the follicular fluid, and thus, the follicular environment just prior to ovulation does indeed contribute to improved pregnancy rates following FTAI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jdb13020014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T06:10:13Z","timestamp":1745561413000},"page":"14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Follicular Fluid from Cows That Express Estrus During a Fixed-Time Artificial Insemination Protocol Promotes Blastocyst Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Audra W.","family":"Harl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica M.","family":"Negr\u00f3n-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob W.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0102-9046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George A.","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Overton, TX 75684, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8507-6578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan D.","family":"Ealy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4652-6430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Rhoads","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2016.01.013","article-title":"Expression of estrus before fixed-time AI affects conception rates and factors that impact expression of estrus and the repeatability of expression of estrus in sequential breeding seasons","volume":"166","author":"Richardson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. 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