{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:54:58Z","timestamp":1791428098974,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Adelaide Research Scholarship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JDB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The stomach has been a highly conserved organ throughout vertebrate evolution; however, there are now over 20 lineages composed of monotremes, lungfish and teleost fish displaying a secondary loss of stomach function and morphology. This \u201cagastric phenotype\u201d has evolved convergently and is typified by a loss of gastric glands and gastric acid secretion and a near-to-complete loss of storage capacity of the stomach. All agastric species have lost the genes for gastric enzymes (Pga and Pgc) and proton pump subunits (Atp4a and Atp4b), and gastrin (Gast) has been lost in monotremes. As a key gastric hormone, the conservation of gastrin has not yet been investigated in the lungfish or agastric teleosts, and it is unclear how the loss of gastrin affects the evolution and selection of the native receptor (Cckbr), gastrin-releasing peptide (Grp) and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (Grpr) in vertebrates. Furthermore, there are still many genes implicated in gastric development and function which have yet to be associated with the agastric phenotype. We analysed the evolution, selection and conservation of the gastrin pathway and a novel gastric gene repertoire (Gkn1, Gkn2, Tff1, Tff2, Vsig1 and Anxa10) to determine the correlation with the agastric phenotype. We found that the loss of gastrin or its associated genes does not correlate with the agastric phenotype, and their conservation is due to multiple pleiotropic roles throughout vertebrate evolution. We found a loss of the gastric gene repertoire in the agastric phenotype, except in the echidna, which retained several genes (Gkn1, Tff2 and Vsig1). Our findings suggest that the gastrin physiological pathway evolved differently in pleiotropic roles throughout vertebrate evolution and support the convergent evolution of the agastric phenotype through shared independent gene-loss events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jdb13030027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T14:23:19Z","timestamp":1754403799000},"page":"27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evolution of the Jawed Vertebrate (Gnathostomata) Stomach Through Gene Repertoire Loss: Findings from Agastric Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jackson","family":"Dann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3088-7314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Gr\u00fctzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia"},{"name":"Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, O., Freitas, R., Ferreira, P., Araujo, M., Zhang, G., Mazan, S., Cohn, M.J., Castro, L.F.C., and Wilson, J.M. 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