{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:35:30Z","timestamp":1790962530029,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200113"]}]},{"award":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-137\/2025-03\/200113"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znas443","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"SANU Project\u2014Ni\u0161 Branch","award":["0-39-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0-39-25"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JDB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Hofbauer cells (HBCs) are the only immunocompetent cells within the stroma of chorionic villi and play a key role in immune regulation and placental development throughout gestation. Their phenotype, abundance, and proliferative activity change in accordance with the needs of the fetoplacental unit. Methods: Thirty healthy human placentas across all three trimesters were analyzed. Samples were processed using standard histological protocols and immunohistochemically stained with CD45, CD68, CD86, and Ki-67 markers. Morphometric analysis was performed to determine the following parameters: percentage of HBCs, numerical areal density, and proliferative index. Results: HBCs were immunoreactive for CD45 and CD68, while CD86 immunoreactivity was not observed in any trimester. The proportion of HBCs was highest in the second trimester and lowest in the third. Numerical areal density was highest in the second trimester (22.21 \u00b1 3.86) and lowest in the first (8.27 \u00b1 4.18). The proliferative index was highest in the first trimester (82.45 \u00b1 10.19%), decreased significantly in the second, and was completely absent in the third trimester. Conclusions: During physiological placental development, Hofbauer cells maintain a predominantly non-M1 macrophage phenotype, accompanied by a gradual reduction in proliferative activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jdb14020026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T10:14:57Z","timestamp":1780395297000},"page":"26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gestational Dynamics of Hofbauer Cells in the Human Placenta: Distribution, Morphology, and Immunophenotype"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8245-1405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanja","family":"Jovi\u010di\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina"},{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5358-2743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan R","family":"Nikoli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni\u0161, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1564-2391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ljiljana","family":"Bo\u017ei\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Jovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni\u0161, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0304-3770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina","family":"Kapi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6643-1781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ranko","family":"\u0160krbi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina"},{"name":"Department of Pathologic Physiology, First Moscow State Medical University I.M. Sechenov, 119435 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Academy of Sciences and Arts of the Republic of Srpska, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reyes, L., and Golos, T.G. (2018). Hofbauer Cells: Their Role in Healthy and Complicated Pregnancy. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02628"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bezemer, R.E., Faas, M.M., van Goor, H., Gordijn, S.J., and Prins, J.R. (2024). Decidual Macrophages and Hofbauer Cells in Fetal Growth Restriction. Front. 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