{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:37:59Z","timestamp":1792651079037,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]],"date-time":"2020-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JDB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-syndromic orofacial clefts encompass a range of morphological changes affecting the oral cavity and the craniofacial skeleton, of which the genetic and epigenetic etiologic factors remain largely unknown. The objective of this study is to explore the contribution of underlying dentofacial deformities (also known as skeletal malocclusions) in the craniofacial morphology of non-syndromic cleft lip and palate patients (nsCLP). For that purpose, geometric morphometric analysis was performed using full skull cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of patients with nsCLP (n = 30), normocephalic controls (n = 60), as well as to sex- and ethnicity- matched patients with an equivalent dentofacial deformity (n = 30). Our outcome measures were shape differences among the groups quantified via principal component analysis and associated principal component loadings, as well as mean shape differences quantified via a Procrustes distance among groups. According to our results, despite the shape differences among all three groups, the nsCLP group shares many morphological similarities in the maxilla and mandible with the dentofacial deformity group. Therefore, the dentoskeletal phenotype in nsCLP could be the result of the cleft and the coexisting dentofacial deformity and not simply the impact of the cleft.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jdb8010002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]],"date-time":"2020-01-28T09:37:09Z","timestamp":1580204229000},"page":"2","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Craniofacial Analysis May Indicate Co-Occurrence of Skeletal Malocclusions and Associated Risks in Development of Cleft Lip and Palate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2885-8864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise K.","family":"Liberton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Craniofacial Anomalies and Regeneration Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1470, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Payal","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0558, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7558-6796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinia","family":"Almpani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Craniofacial Anomalies and Regeneration Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1470, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter W.","family":"Fung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3696-750X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rashmi","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6370, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Snehlata","family":"Oberoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Figen \u00c7.","family":"\u015eenel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Institutes of Turkey, Turkish Healthcare Quality and Accreditation Institute, Istanbul 34718, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James K.","family":"Mah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Education Program in Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice Orthodontist, San Leandro, CA 94577, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonnie L.","family":"Padwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Oral Surgeon in Chief, Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice S.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Craniofacial Anomalies and Regeneration Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1470, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31381","article-title":"Genetics of cleft lip and cleft palate","volume":"163C","author":"Leslie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. 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