{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T16:16:07Z","timestamp":1771258567629,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009573","name":"Research Institute of Battlefield Visibility Control and Unidirectional Transmission Technology of the Army Engineering University of the People\u2019s Liberation Army","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KYGYJKQTZQ23007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYGYJKQTZQ23007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009573","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JEMR"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Disruptive color on animals\u2019 bodies can reduce the risk of being caught. This study explores the camouflaging effect of disruptive color when applied to military targets. Disruptive and non-disruptive color patterns were placed on the target surface to form simulation materials. Then, the simulation target was set in woodland-, grassland-, and desert-type background images. The detectability of the target in the background was obtained by collecting eye movement indicators after the observer observed the background targets. The influence of background type (local and global), camouflage pattern type, and target viewing angle on the disruptive-color camouflage pattern was investigated. This study aims to design eye movement observation experiments to statistically analyze the indicators of first discovery time, discovery frequency, and first-scan amplitude in the target area. The experimental results show that the first discovery time of mixed disruptive-color targets in a forest background was significantly higher than that of non-mixed disruptive-color targets (t = 2.54, p = 0.039), and the click frequency was reduced by 15% (p &lt; 0.05), indicating that mixed disruptive color has better camouflage effectiveness in complex backgrounds. In addition, the camouflage effect of mixed disruptive colors on large-scale targets (viewing angle \u2265 30\u00b0) is significantly improved (F = 10.113, p = 0.01), providing theoretical support for close-range reconnaissance camouflage design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jemr18040026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T04:35:52Z","timestamp":1751517352000},"page":"26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Efficiency Analysis of Disruptive Color in Military Camouflage Patterns Based on Eye Movement Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of National Defense Science and Technology, Army Engineering University, Nanjing 210007, China"},{"name":"Field Engineering College, Army Engineering University, Nanjing 210007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Su","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of National Defense Science and Technology, Army Engineering University, Nanjing 210007, China"},{"name":"Field Engineering College, Army Engineering University, Nanjing 210007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9911-5497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bentian","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of National Defense Science and Technology, Army Engineering University, Nanjing 210007, China"},{"name":"Field Engineering College, Army Engineering University, Nanjing 210007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weidong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of National Defense Science and Technology, Army Engineering University, Nanjing 210007, China"},{"name":"Field Engineering College, Army Engineering University, Nanjing 210007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haibao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of National Defense Science and Technology, Army Engineering University, Nanjing 210007, China"},{"name":"Field Engineering College, Army Engineering University, Nanjing 210007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dt.2023.12.001","article-title":"Assessing target optical camouflage effects using brain functional networks: A feasibility study","volume":"34","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Def. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2024.109002","article-title":"Neural responses to camouflage targets with different exposure signs based on EEG","volume":"204","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2005)055[0125:TASOCI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The adaptive significance of coloration in mammals","volume":"55","author":"Caro","year":"2005","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arab032","article-title":"Habitat disturbance alters color contrast and the detectability of cryptic and aposematic frogs","volume":"32","author":"Barnett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041669519877435","DOI":"10.1177\/2041669519877435","article-title":"Edge-enhanced disruptive camouflage impairs shape discrimination","volume":"10","author":"Sharman","year":"2019","journal-title":"I-Perception"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0216","article-title":"Defining disruptive coloration and distinguishing its functions","volume":"364","author":"Stevens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dt.2013.09.015","article-title":"The spatial color mixing model of digital camouflage pattern","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Def. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0270","article-title":"Cephalopod dynamic camouflage: Bridging the continuum between background matching and disruptive coloration","volume":"364","author":"Hanlon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/aru150","article-title":"Camouflage through behavior in moths: The role of background matching and disruptive coloration","volume":"26","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7840","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44349-2","article-title":"Background matching and disruptive coloration as habitat-specific strategies for camouflage","volume":"9","author":"Price","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25014-6","article-title":"Dissociating the effect of disruptive colouration on localisation and identification of camouflaged targets","volume":"8","author":"Sharman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-9-81","article-title":"Motion dazzle and camouflage as distinct anti-predator defenses","volume":"9","author":"Stevens","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1177\/0305829813512885","article-title":"The digital revolution: Camouflage in the twenty-first century","volume":"42","author":"King","year":"2014","journal-title":"Millennium"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15280837241287937","DOI":"10.1177\/15280837241287937","article-title":"Research on military targets camouflage effect rating based on background anomaly detection and deep transfer features learning","volume":"54","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ind. Text."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7726","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.534005","article-title":"Infrared\/radar stealthy metasurface design method based on the equivalent circuit model","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2013.09.012","article-title":"Evaluating camouflage design using eye movement data","volume":"45","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17355","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA02784A","article-title":"Optically compatible infrared camouflage performance of ITO ink","volume":"14","author":"Feifei","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.16.1.3","article-title":"The effects of task difficulty on gaze behaviour during landing with visual flight rules in low-time pilots","volume":"16","author":"Ayala","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Eye Mov. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.16.1.5","article-title":"An eye tracking study of the application of gestalt theory in photography","volume":"16","author":"Chuang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Eye Mov. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.16.2.2","article-title":"Eye movements in response to different cognitive activities measured by eyetracking: A prospective study on some of the neurolinguistics programming theories","volume":"16","author":"Marconi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Eye Mov. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.16.4.1","article-title":"Motion velocity as a preattentive feature in cartographic symbolization","volume":"16","author":"Cybulski","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Eye Mov. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"76","article-title":"The promise of color in marketing: Use, applications, tips and neuromarketing","volume":"15","author":"Bortolotti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cult. E Sci. Del Color. Color Cult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394286-9.00002-0","article-title":"Color-in-context theory","volume":"Volume 45","author":"Elliot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Advances in Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2007.00514.x","article-title":"Color and psychological functioning","volume":"16","author":"Elliot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"149","article-title":"Color matters: Color as trustworthiness cue in web sites","volume":"58","author":"Alberts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tech. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"112","article-title":"About the influence of color perceived lightness on psychological functions","volume":"14","author":"Bortolotti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cult. E Sci. Del Color. Color Cult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010213-115035","article-title":"Color psychology: Effects of perceiving color on psychological functioning in humans","volume":"65","author":"Elliot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/col.20578","article-title":"Colour harmony revisited","volume":"35","year":"2010","journal-title":"Color Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000358","article-title":"Emotion-color associations in the context of the face","volume":"18","author":"Thorstenson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00212","article-title":"The color red attracts attention in an emotional context. An ERP study","volume":"9","author":"Kuniecki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.104785","article-title":"Color-taste correspondences influence visual binding errors","volume":"254","author":"Bortolotti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dresp-Langley, B. (2022). Color Variability Constrains Detection of Geometrically Perfect Mirror Symmetry. Computation, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/computation10060099"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1136","article-title":"Effects of saturation and contrast polarity on the figure-ground organization of color on gray","volume":"5","author":"Reeves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dt.2019.06.021","article-title":"Research on extraction and reproduction of deformation camouflage spot based on generative adversarial network model","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Def. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050017","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218001420500172","article-title":"Research on digital camouflage pattern generation algorithm based on adversarial autoencoder network","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pattern Recognit. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e87310","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087310","article-title":"Developing and evaluating a target-background similarity metric for camouflage detection","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Xu, W., Zhu, L., Xiao, F., Yu, Z., Hao, B., and Zhao, K. (2024). Study on Thermal Insulation Performance of Silica Aerogel Thermal Insulation Blankets. Gels, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels10110707"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0215","article-title":"Behaviourally mediated crypsis in two nocturnal moths with contrasting appearance","volume":"364","author":"Webster","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Eye Movement Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1995-8692\/18\/4\/26\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:03:24Z","timestamp":1760033004000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1995-8692\/18\/4\/26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jemr18040026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jemr18040026","relation":{},"ISSN":["1995-8692"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1995-8692","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]}}}