{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:41:46Z","timestamp":1791326506170,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["119E055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["119E055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JEMR"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that impairs reading, affecting 5\u201317.5% of children and representing the most common learning disability. Individuals with dyslexia experience decoding, reading fluency, and comprehension difficulties, hindering vocabulary development and learning. Early and accurate identification is essential for targeted interventions. Traditional diagnostic methods rely on behavioral assessments and neuropsychological tests, which can be time-consuming and subjective. Recent studies suggest that physiological signals, such as electrooculography (EOG), can provide objective insights into reading-related cognitive and visual processes. Despite this potential, there is limited research on how typeface and font characteristics influence reading performance in dyslexic children using EOG measurements. To address this gap, we investigated the most suitable typefaces for Turkish-speaking children with dyslexia by analyzing EOG signals recorded during reading tasks. We developed a novel deep learning framework, DyslexiaNet, using scalogram images from horizontal and vertical EOG channels, and compared it with AlexNet, MobileNet, and ResNet. Reading performance indicators, including reading time, blink rate, regression rate, and EOG signal energy, were evaluated across multiple typefaces and font sizes. Results showed that typeface significantly affects reading efficiency in dyslexic children. The BonvenoCF font was associated with shorter reading times, fewer regressions, and lower cognitive load. DyslexiaNet achieved the highest classification accuracy (99.96% for horizontal channels) while requiring lower computational load than other networks. These findings demonstrate that EOG-based physiological measurements combined with deep learning offer a non-invasive, objective approach for dyslexia detection and personalized typeface selection. This method can provide practical guidance for designing educational materials and support clinicians in early diagnosis and individualized intervention strategies for children with dyslexia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jemr18050056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T10:12:29Z","timestamp":1760523149000},"page":"56","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["DyslexiaNet: Examining the Viability and Efficacy of Eye Movement-Based Deep Learning for Dyslexia Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ramis","family":"\u0130leri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8632-3385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c7i\u011fdem","family":"Alt\u0131ntop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Latifo\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38280, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esra","family":"Demirci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri 38280, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-023-00295-3","article-title":"Revisiting the definition of dyslexia","volume":"74","author":"Catts","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. 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