{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:51:23Z","timestamp":1787028683544,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RS-2025-02413013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-02413013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE) and the Daegu, Republic of Korea","award":["2025-RISE-03-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-RISE-03-002"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["HI23C0942"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI23C0942"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["RS-2024-00433896"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00433896"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JEMR"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Age-related cognitive impairment represents a critical stage in the continuum of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), highlighting the need for objective and non-invasive physiological indicators of early neurological change. This study investigates the simultaneous analysis of microsaccadic eye movements and pupil size variations as ocular biomarkers associated with age-related cognitive impairment using eye-tracking technology. A total of 70 participants were recruited and categorized into three age groups: individuals in their 20s, 60s, and 70s. Participants in their 70s were further categorized based on MMSE-K scores into cognitively normal (\u226524) and impaired (\u226423) subgroups. Quantitative analyses showed a significant age-related increase in microsaccade frequency along both axes, with significantly higher microsaccade frequencies (p &lt; 0.01) among individuals with lower cognitive scores within the same age group. Pupil size variation, including constriction and dilation rates, declined with age, while response speed remained relatively unchanged across all age groups. These findings highlight a clear association between age related-cognitive decline and involuntary ocular responses. The proposed dual-biomarker method offers a non-invasive and quantitative framework that may complement traditional cognitive screening tools. Future studies involving larger cohorts and clinically diagnosed AD populations are required to determine the diagnostic utility of these ocular biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jemr19020029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T11:52:11Z","timestamp":1772711531000},"page":"29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Simultaneous Analysis of Microsaccades and Pupil Size Variations in Age-Related Cognitive Impairment Using Eye-Tracking Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Seokjun","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1624-0671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tahsin","family":"Nairuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung-Jun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architectural Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-Ha","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12638","article-title":"2022 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures","volume":"18","author":"Better","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nairuz, T., Heo, J.-C., Park, H.-J., and Lee, J.-H. 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