{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:52:54Z","timestamp":1793321574468,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JEMR"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: To systematically review and meta-analyze randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating digital orthoptic interventions, including virtual reality (VR)\u2013based approaches, for convergence insufficiency and intermittent exotropia. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines and AMSTAR-2 standards and was prospectively registered in PROSPERO. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched up to December 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs comparing VR-based or digital orthoptic interventions with conventional therapy, placebo VR, or control conditions. Primary outcomes included near point of convergence, ocular deviation, fusional reserves, and stereopsis. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2 and certainty of evidence with GRADE. Results: Four RCTs (184 participants) were included. In convergence insufficiency, digital orthoptic interventions, including VR-based approaches, significantly reduced near heterophoria (mean difference [MD] \u22121.64 prism diopters; 95% CI \u22123.17 to \u22120.12), with no significant effects on near point of convergence or positive fusional reserves. In intermittent exotropia, VR-based interventions significantly improved near point of convergence (MD \u22121.60 cm; 95% CI \u22122.64 to \u22120.55), although this change did not reach the \u22654 cm threshold considered clinically meaningful according to the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial. Improvements were also observed in stereopsis (MD \u22120.19 log units; 95% CI \u22120.33 to \u22120.04), while changes in near deviation were not significant. Evidence certainty ranged from low to moderate. Conclusions: VR-based and digital orthoptic interventions may offer modest, outcome-specific benefits as adjunctive treatments for selected binocular vision disorders. Larger, well-designed RCTs with standardized outcomes are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jemr19020039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T10:29:08Z","timestamp":1776162548000},"page":"39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Virtual Reality Orthoptic Interventions for Binocular Vision Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0996-5007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Martinez-Perez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physics Department (Optometry Area), Facultade de \u00d3ptica e Optometr\u00eda, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8317-8039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noelia","family":"Nores-Palmas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GI-2092 Optometry, Departamento de F\u00edsica Aplicada (\u00c1rea de Optometr\u00eda), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7216-4512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacobo","family":"Garcia-Queiruga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GI-2092 Optometry, Departamento de F\u00edsica Aplicada (\u00c1rea de Optometr\u00eda), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"AC-24 Optometry, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9595-7486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria J.","family":"Giraldez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GI-2092 Optometry, Departamento de F\u00edsica Aplicada (\u00c1rea de Optometr\u00eda), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"AC-24 Optometry, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4012-4636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Yebra-Pimentel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GI-2092 Optometry, Departamento de F\u00edsica Aplicada (\u00c1rea de Optometr\u00eda), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"AC-24 Optometry, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howard, I., and Rogers, B. 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