{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:47:56Z","timestamp":1793123276502,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JEMR"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polyurethane synthetic leather is a widely used covering material in automotive interiors, and its surface coating characteristics directly determine the occupant experience. However, the underlying mechanisms by which these characteristics influence visuo-tactile perception in the context of new energy vehicles (NEVs) require further investigation. In this study, a composite experimental matrix was constructed by combining surface textures with distinct roughness gradients and representative colors extracted via data mining within the HSV color space. Targeting these two surface coating characteristics\u2014color and texture\u2014systematic evaluations were conducted across three independent perception stages: purely visual, purely tactile, and combined visuo-tactile. Eye-tracking metrics, specifically pupil diameter and total fixation duration, were extracted and cross-analyzed alongside multidimensional subjective evaluations. The results indicate that surface texture exerts a significant main effect on both perceived tactile softness and pleasantness, whereas the impact of color variation is remarkably weak. Furthermore, highly complex surface textures lead to prolonged fixation durations, reflecting increased exploratory interest and the high perceptual salience of intricate details rather than mere cognitive workload. Moreover, significant differences in pupil diameter were observed across texture conditions, potentially reflecting the combined influence of low-level image properties and higher-order texture perception. Concurrently, an interference effect of visual features on tactile perception was observed; specifically, the introduction of visual cues (encompassing color and texture) significantly diminished the pleasantness experienced during tactile interaction. These findings elucidate the intrinsic connections between surface coating characteristics and users\u2019 visuo-tactile perception, offering important theoretical guidance and practical implications for optimizing the surface design of automotive polyurethane synthetic leather and enhancing the overall occupant experience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jemr19030068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T09:06:52Z","timestamp":1781600812000},"page":"68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Surface Texture and Color on the Visuo-Tactile Perception of Polyurethane Synthetic Leather for Automotive Seats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0368-157X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shulan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6813-4422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaolong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"},{"name":"Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, W., Xie, X., Huang, W., and Yu, Q. 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