{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T12:26:40Z","timestamp":1787142400082,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS Core-to-Core Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPJSCCA20200001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPJSCCA20200001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Investissements d\u2019Avenir","award":["ANR-11-IDEX-0003\/Labex Ecodec\/ANR-11-LABX-0047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-11-IDEX-0003\/Labex Ecodec\/ANR-11-LABX-0047"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Eye Mov. Res.","JEMR"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates how strategic environments shape a decision maker\u2019s reasoning processes by incorporating visual attention and cognitive engagement. Using eye-tracking methods within experimental guessing games featuring interior equilibria, we analyze how strategic complementarity and substitutability alter choice behavior and cognitive engagement. We find that while choices diverge further from equilibrium under strategic complementarity, eye gaze metrics\u2014specifically fixation and transition measures\u2014are consistent with more intensive cognitive engagement under strategic substitutability. Furthermore, by using a novel approach to measure strategic sophistication, we find that individuals with higher strategic aptitude exhibit higher levels of visual engagement with the payoff table. As strategic sophistication increases, the two distinct dimensions of attention build up sequentially rather than together, with attention to an individual\u2019s own strategies strengthening prior to attention to their opponents\u2019. These findings indicate that visual attention is shaped systematically by the strategic environment and are consistent with a sequential organization of reasoning that may underlie the strategic environment effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jemr19040087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T11:33:46Z","timestamp":1786620826000},"page":"87","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Visual Attention and Strategic Sophistication in the Strategic Environment Effect: An Eye-Tracking Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5202-7182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukihiko","family":"Funaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Political Science and Economics, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3889-8317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukio","family":"Koriyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CREST, Department of Economics, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8716-972X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayano","family":"Nakagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology Management for Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8720-2494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Ozkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1020 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"GREDEG, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, SKEMA Business School, 92150 Suresnes, France"},{"name":"LAMSADE, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Dauphine-PSL, 75116 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s10683-006-9132-2","article-title":"Bertrand colludes more than Cournot","volume":"10","author":"Suetens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. 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