{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T16:19:00Z","timestamp":1787588340286,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013209","name":"Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation, under the 5th Call for HFRI PhD Fellowships","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19178"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013209","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["19178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19178"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05v75r592","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004429","name":"Special Account for Research Funds of University of Crete","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11678"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11678"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004429","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["11678"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11678"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00dr28g20","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hellenic Ministry of Education, Religious Affairs and Sports, SUB2: Universities of Excellence","award":["OPS TA 5180665"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPS TA 5180665"]}]},{"name":"Recovery and Resilience Facility \u201cGreece 2.0\u201d"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Eye Mov. Res.","JEMR"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reading speed, a core indicator of reading performance, requires efficient oculomotor behavior. While well-documented in adults, the contribution of eye movements to children\u2019s silent reading speed and grade-related changes remain underspecified. Furthermore, the distributional properties of fixation durations have rarely been examined in children. This study investigates how changes in eye-movement parameters associate with individual differences in children\u2019s silent reading speed. The eye movements of 194 typically developing Greek-speaking students (Grades 3\u20136) were recorded during silent reading of short passages. An Ex-Gaussian distributional analysis was applied to fixation durations, alongside traditional measures of mean fixation number, fixation duration, and saccade amplitude. Language and cognitive abilities were also evaluated. Silent reading speed increased with grade, driven by fewer and shorter fixations, and longer saccades. After accounting for age, vocabulary and cognitive measures, eye-movement parameters increased the explained variance in silent reading speed to 80% (adjusted R2 = 0.800) in the full sample (N = 194). The Ex-Gaussian parameter \u03c4 was an independent predictor, distinct from mean fixation duration. Finally, age significantly moderated the association between forward fixations and silent reading speed. These findings indicate that oculomotor behavior is independently linked to children\u2019s silent reading speed across primary school years, as captured both by conventional and distributional oculomotor parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jemr19040093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T09:48:31Z","timestamp":1787219311000},"page":"93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Contribution of Eye Movements to Primary-School Children\u2019s Silent Reading Speed: Evidence from Ex-Gaussian Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5595-2266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angeliki","family":"Gleni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optics & Vision, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8304-5073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sotiris","family":"Plainis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optics & Vision, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6760-9206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angeliki","family":"Mouzaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Education, University of Crete, 74100 Rethymnon, Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0130-1150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miltiadis","family":"Tsilimbaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optics & Vision, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3350-3216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiota","family":"Dimitropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Crete, 74100 Rethymnon, Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0116-8564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Simos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1080\/17470210902816461","article-title":"Eye Movements and Attention in Reading, Scene Perception, and Visual Search","volume":"62","author":"Rayner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Q. 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