{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:03:28Z","timestamp":1789985008027,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"SECIHTI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IH-2025-I-620"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IH-2025-I-620"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["IH-2025-I-620"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IH-2025-I-620"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059ex5q34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Eye Mov. Res.","JEMR"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding how visual structure shapes attentional allocation is central to models of perceptual processing. Less is known about how formal properties like harmony and complexity shape exploration independent of salience or semantic content. This study examined how controlled structural variations relate to attention, facial engagement, and subjective judgment using eye-tracking and webcam-based facial coding. Participants (N=40) viewed stimuli derived from a common geometric base, manipulated into three conditions: high harmony (symmetrical, low complexity), high complexity (asymmetrical, disorganized), and structured complexity (high complexity with underlying order). Eye movements and facial expressions were recorded during free viewing. Metrics included time to first fixation, fixation duration, number of fixations, scanpath entropy, spatial dispersion, and facial-coding indices (neutral, happy, and surprise expression, and the ambient\/focal coefficient K). None of the eye-tracking or facial-coding metrics differed significantly across conditions; given that the study was powered to detect only medium-to-large effects, this indicates no detectable difference under the present webcam-based, brief-exposure design rather than evidence that visual structure has no effect on attention. Subjective complexity ratings differed robustly across conditions, surviving correction for multiple comparisons: unexpectedly, the high-complexity condition was rated as less complex than the harmony and structured-complexity conditions, indicating the intended manipulation did not translate into perceived complexity as designed. A nominally significant difference in pleasantness ratings did not survive this correction. Using repeated-measures correlation to account for the non-independence of within-participant observations, scanpath entropy showed a nominal negative association with pleasantness that did not survive correction for multiple comparisons, and the coefficient K showed a weaker and partly inconsistent pattern of association with independent oculomotor indices than initial uncorrected analyses suggested. These findings indicate that, in the present study, formal visual structure shaped subjective complexity judgments more robustly than it shaped overt attentional or facial-affective engagement, a pattern consistent with\u2014though not conclusive proof of\u2014a broader dissociation between evaluative and attentional responses reported in face perception and developmental aesthetics research. Beyond this substantive finding, we report in detail how accounting for repeated-measures non-independence and applying an explicit multiplicity strategy changed our statistical conclusions, offering a worked methodological example for similarly structured webcam-based eye-tracking and facial-coding studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jemr19050105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T08:03:47Z","timestamp":1789977827000},"page":"105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Visual Harmony and Complexity Shape Subjective Judgments More than Detectable Overt Attention: Evidence from Eye-Tracking and Facial Coding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7530-9027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Horacio","family":"Rostro-Gonzalez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering, DICIS\u2013University of Guanajuato, Carretera Salamanca\u2013Valle de Santiago, Salamanca 36885, Guanajuato, Mexico"},{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering\u2013IQS, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta, 08017 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8007-3852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M. S.","family":"Gonzalez-Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Benito Ju\u00e1rez Autonomous University of Oaxaca, Av. Universidad, Oaxaca 68120, Oaxaca, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor H.","family":"Jimenez-Arredondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Art and Business, DICIS\u2013University of Guanajuato, Carretera Salamanca\u2013Valle de Santiago, Salamanca 36885, Guanajuato, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1254","article-title":"A model of saliency-based visual attention for rapid scene analysis","volume":"23","author":"Itti","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. 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