{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:12:19Z","timestamp":1790658739853,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bio-Based Industries Joint Undertaking under the European Union Horizon 2020 research program (BBI-H2020)","award":["745839"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["745839"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["794614"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["794614"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["643050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["643050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial colonization of implanted biomedical devices is the main cause of healthcare-associated infections, estimated to be 8.8 million per year in Europe. Many infections originate from damaged skin, which lets microorganisms exploit injuries and surgical accesses as passageways to reach the implant site and inner organs. Therefore, an effective treatment of skin damage is highly desirable for the success of many biomaterial-related surgical procedures. Due to gained resistance to antibiotics, new antibacterial treatments are becoming vital to control nosocomial infections arising as surgical and post-surgical complications. Surface coatings can avoid biofouling and bacterial colonization thanks to biomaterial inherent properties (e.g., super hydrophobicity), specifically without using drugs, which may cause bacterial resistance. The focus of this review is to highlight the emerging role of degradable polymeric micro- and nano-structures that show intrinsic antifouling and antimicrobial properties, with a special outlook towards biomedical applications dealing with skin and skin damage. The intrinsic properties owned by the biomaterials encompass three main categories: (1) physical\u2013mechanical, (2) chemical, and (3) electrostatic. Clinical relevance in ear prostheses and breast implants is reported. Collecting and discussing the updated outcomes in this field would help the development of better performing biomaterial-based antimicrobial strategies, which are useful to prevent infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb11030060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T09:22:31Z","timestamp":1597828951000},"page":"60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Biodegradable Polymeric Micro\/Nano-Structures with Intrinsic Antifouling\/Antimicrobial Properties: Relevance in Damaged Skin and Other Biomedical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8429-5544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Milazzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Gallone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Marcello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Donatella","family":"Mariniello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School in Clinical and Translational Sciences, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6900-1306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Bruschini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Emergency Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ipsita","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8155-8537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serena","family":"Danti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"},{"name":"Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Doctoral School in Clinical and Translational Sciences, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"277","article-title":"The antibiotic resistance crisis: Part 1: Causes and threats","volume":"40","author":"Ventola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. 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