{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:55:54Z","timestamp":1791392154334,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The finite element method (FEM) represents a computer simulation method, originally used in civil engineering, which dates back to the early 1940s. Applications of FEM have also been used in numerous medical areas and in orthopedic surgery. Computing technology has improved over the years and as a result, more complex problems, such as those involving the spine, can be analyzed. The spine is a complex anatomical structure that maintains the erect posture and supports considerable loads. Applications of FEM in the spine have contributed to the understanding of bone biomechanics, both in healthy and abnormal conditions, such as scoliosis, fractures (trauma), degenerative disc disease and osteoporosis. However, since FEM is only a digital simulation of the real condition, it will never exactly simulate in vivo results. In particular, when it concerns biomechanics, there are many features that are difficult to represent in a FEM. More FEM studies and spine research are required in order to examine interpersonal spine stiffness, young spine biomechanics and model accuracy. In the future, patient-specific models will be used for better patient evaluations as well as for better pre- and inter-operative planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb12030043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T21:46:44Z","timestamp":1627854404000},"page":"43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Finite Element Method for the Evaluation of the Human Spine: A Literature Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Symeon","family":"Naoum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"251 Air Force General Hospital, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Attiki, 11525 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6155-8898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo V.","family":"Vasiliadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"2nd Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, General Hospital of Thessaloniki \u201cPapageorgiou\u201d, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Koutserimpas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"251 Air Force General Hospital, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Attiki, 11525 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Mylonakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Orthopedic Department, General Hospital of Thessaloniki \u201cPapageorgiou\u201d, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michail","family":"Kotsapas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of Naousa, 59200 Emathia, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6272-1071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Katakalos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Strength of Materials and Structures, Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-7949(74)90074-1","article-title":"Fundamentals of the finite element method","volume":"4","author":"Holland","year":"1974","journal-title":"Comput. 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