{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T23:53:44Z","timestamp":1781222024041,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Taipei University of Technology and University of Science and Technology Beijing Joint Research Program","award":["NTUT-USTB-108-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTUT-USTB-108-09"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) is a decalcified allo\/xenograft retaining collagen and noncollagenous proteins, which has been extensively used because of its osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties. Calcium sulfate (CaSO4, CS) is a synthetic bone substitute used in bone healing with biocompatible, nontoxic, bioabsorbable, osteoconductive, and good mechanical characteristics. This study aims to prepare a DBM\/CS composite bone graft material in a moldable putty form without compromising the peculiar properties of DBM and CS. For this purpose, firstly, porcine femur was defatted using chloroform\/methanol and extracted by acid for demineralization, then freeze-dried and milled\/sieved to obtain DBM powder. Secondly, the \u03b1-form and \u03b2-form of calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CaSO4\u00b70.5H2O, CSH) were produced by heating gypsum (CaSO4\u00b72H2O). The morphology and particle sizes of \u03b1- and \u03b2-CSH were obtained by SEM, and their chemical properties were confirmed by EDS, FTIR and XRD. Furthermore, the DBM-based graft was mixed with \u03b1- or \u03b2-CSH at a ratio of 9:1, and glycerol\/4% HPMC was added as a carrier to produce a putty. DBM\/CSH putty possesses a low washout rate, good mechanical strength and biocompatibility. In conclusion, we believe that the moldable DBM\/CSH composite putty developed in this study could be a promising substitute for the currently available bone grafts, and might have practical application in the orthopedics field as a potential bone void filler.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb12040056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T21:47:34Z","timestamp":1633988854000},"page":"56","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Preparation and Characterization of Moldable Demineralized Bone Matrix\/Calcium Sulfate Composite Bone Graft Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"I-Cheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Accelerator for Happiness and Health Industry, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen-Ying","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Cheih","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8982-0440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Syue","family":"Tsou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institute, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yudong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsu-Wei","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Accelerator for Happiness and Health Industry, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/masy.200750702","article-title":"The Use of Bone Substitutes in the Treatment of Bone Defects\u2014The Clinical View and History","volume":"253","author":"Schlickewei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Macromol. Symp."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/15476278.2020.1808428","article-title":"Recent Advances in Biomaterials for the Treatment of Bone Defects","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Organogenesis"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.4161\/org.23306","article-title":"Bone grafts, bone substitutes and orthobiologics: The bridge between basic science and clinical advancements in fracture healing","volume":"8","author":"Roberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Organogenesis"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimitriou, R., Jones, E., McGonagle, D., and Giannoudis, P.V. (2011). Bone regeneration: Current concepts and future directions. BMC Med., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-9-66"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200100022-00007","article-title":"Bone-graft substitutes: Facts, fictions, and applications","volume":"83","author":"Greenwald","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(05)70110-3","article-title":"ALLOGRAFT BONE: The Influence of Processing on Safety and Performance","volume":"30","author":"Boyce","year":"1999","journal-title":"Orthop. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-196811000-00008","article-title":"Inductive substratum for osteogenesis in pellets of particulate bone matrix","volume":"61","author":"Urist","year":"1968","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12509","article-title":"Demineralized Bone Matrix Carriers and their Clinical Applications: An Overview","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/01.scs.0000179745.91165.73","article-title":"Assay of bone morphogenetic protein-2, -4, and -7 in human demineralized bone matrix","volume":"17","author":"Pietrzak","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2008.07.017","article-title":"Mastoid obliteration using a hyaluronic acid gel to deliver a mesenchymal stem cells-loaded demineralized bone matrix: An experimental study","volume":"72","author":"Jang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatric Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000000610","article-title":"Comparison of the osteogenic potential of OsteoSelect demineralized bone matrix putty to NovaBone calcium-phosphosilicate synthetic putty in a cranial defect model","volume":"25","author":"Schallenberger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-006-8936-0","article-title":"Mechanical and degradation behavior of polymer-calcium sulfate composites","volume":"17","author":"Lewis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.31269","article-title":"Calcium sulfate: Properties and clinical applications","volume":"88B","author":"Thomas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1980.00790310029007","article-title":"Regeneration of bone in the presence of calcium sulfate","volume":"106","author":"Coetzee","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000069893.31220.6f","article-title":"Treatment of nonunions and osseous defects with bone graft and calcium sulfate","volume":"411","author":"Borrelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e216","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20130122-25","article-title":"Use of a calcium sulfate-calcium phosphate synthetic bone graft composite in the surgical management of primary bone tumors","volume":"36","author":"Evaniew","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2012.11.019","article-title":"Improved workability of injectable calcium sulfate bone cement by regulation of self-setting properties","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barone, A.W., Andreana, S., and Dziak, R. (2020). Current Use of Calcium Sulfate Bone Grafts. Med Res. Arch., 8.","DOI":"10.18103\/mra.v8i11.2283"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carj.2014.11.004","article-title":"Chronology of the Radiographic Appearances of the Calcium Sulfate-Calcium Phosphate Synthetic Bone Graft Composite Following Resection of Bone Tumors: A Follow-up Study of Postoperative Appearances","volume":"67","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. Assoc. Radiol. J. J. L\u2019association Can. Des Radiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.080400","article-title":"Magnesium-enriched hydroxyapatite compared to calcium sulfate in the healing of human extraction sockets: Radiographic and histomorphometric evaluation at 3 months","volume":"80","author":"Crespi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1563\/aaid-joi-D-18-00306","article-title":"Biphasic Calcium Sulfate as an Alternative Grafting Material in Various Dental Applications","volume":"45","author":"Baranes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oral Implantol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2019.12.006","article-title":"Bone Regeneration: Properties and Clinical Applications of Biphasic Calcium Sulfate","volume":"64","author":"Yahav","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2008.02358.x","article-title":"Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate Powders with a Controlled Morphology for Use as Bone Cement","volume":"91","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiang, H.-H., Su, C.-Y., Hsu, L.-H., Yang, M.-H., and Fang, H.-W. (2021). Improved Anti-Washout Property of Calcium Sulfate\/Tri-Calcium Phosphate Premixed Bone Substitute with Glycerin and Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11178136"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.554-556.570","article-title":"Preparation of \u03b1-Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate from Phosphogypsum in CaCl2 Solution under Atmospheric Pressure","volume":"554\u2013556","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.37190\/ppmp\/130795","article-title":"Preparation of \u03b1-calcium sulfate hemihydrate from industrial by-product gypsum: A review","volume":"57","author":"Guan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/jace.15181","article-title":"An innovative \u03b1-calcium sulfate hemihydrate bioceramic as a potential bone graft substitute","volume":"101","author":"Hsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.13004\/kjnt.2015.11.2.135","article-title":"Lytic Complications after Skull Reconstruction Using GeneX\u00ae","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30678","article-title":"Influence of anti-washout agents on the rheological properties and injectability of a calcium phosphate cement","volume":"81B","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B: Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-014-9487-0","article-title":"Production of an osteoinductive demineralised bone matrix powder without the use of organic solvents","volume":"16","author":"Eagle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Bank."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-014-9443-z","article-title":"Assessment of an improved bone washing protocol for deceased donor human bone","volume":"16","author":"Eagle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Bank."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcrysgrow.2007.01.002","article-title":"Calcium sulphate hemihydrate hydration leading to gypsum crystallization","volume":"53","author":"Singh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Cryst. Growth Charact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1021\/ie049316w","article-title":"Preparation of \u03b1-Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate by Reaction of Sulfuric Acid with Lime","volume":"44","author":"Ling","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.partic.2010.01.005","article-title":"Influence of temperature and solution composition on the formation of calcium sulfates","volume":"8","author":"Luo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Particuology"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1514","article-title":"An investigation of the effect of AlloMatrix bone graft in distal radial fracture: A prospective randomised controlled clinical trial","volume":"95","author":"Barbier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone Jt. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, T.S., Wang, I.C., Lu, M.L., Hsieh, M.K., Chen, L.H., and Chen, W.J. (2016). The fusion rate of demineralized bone matrix compared with autogenous iliac bone graft for long multi-segment posterolateral spinal fusion. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-015-0861-2"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1615\/JLongTermEffMedImplants.v17.i3.50","article-title":"Posterior lumbar interbody fusion versus circumferential fusion using the B-Twin expandable spinal system","volume":"17","author":"Sapkas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Long-Term Eff. Med. Implant."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S567","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-20030502-08","article-title":"The effect of allomatrix injectable putty on the outcome of long bone applications","volume":"26","author":"Wilkins","year":"2003","journal-title":"Orthopedics"}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/12\/4\/56\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:09:27Z","timestamp":1760166567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/12\/4\/56"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jfb12040056"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb12040056","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]}}}