{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T19:16:29Z","timestamp":1776885389427,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRGS\/1\/2021\/STG01\/UPNM\/01\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2021\/STG01\/UPNM\/01\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KPT\/MyPhD\/2016\/01\/LIMYANYIK"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KPT\/MyPhD\/2016\/01\/LIMYANYIK"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The distribution and dissipation energies in fracture mechanisms were a critical challenge to derive, especially for this ultra-thin sample. The membrane failure, which is the end of the fracture mechanisms, is a result of the cone wave reflections from the backend membrane boundaries. These reflections delay the failure processes due to the shock impacts. To compare these results with the experimental work, a numerical simulation was conducted for these processes. The cylinder-shaped rigid projectile was impacted using a frictionless Lagrange solver. The target was a cartridge brass circle plate clamped at its perimeter, and its zone was refined to a ten-times higher meshing density for better analysis. The erosion and cut-off controls involved a zero-gap interaction condition and an instantaneous geometric erosion strain of 200%. Due to the maximum projectile velocity of 382 m\/s having the slowest perforation, the target thickness was found to be 5.5 mm. The fracture mechanism phenomena, such as tensile, compressive, through-thickness, and growth in-plane delamination, propagating delamination, and local punch shear waves were observed. After deducting tensile and flexural strengths from the last experiment, a total residual membrane stress of 650 MPa was found. This result indicated a relationship between the fracture mechanisms and residual membrane stresses of metallic material.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb13010020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T20:47:45Z","timestamp":1645476465000},"page":"20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Numerical Simulation Study on Relationship between the Fracture Mechanisms and Residual Membrane Stresses of Metallic Material"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1924-6145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan Yik","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Defence Science and Technology, National Defence University of Malaysia, Prime Camp, Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azizi","family":"Miskon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, National Defence University of Malaysia, Prime Camp, Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad","family":"Zaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Defence Science and Technology, National Defence University of Malaysia, Prime Camp, Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megat Mohamad Hamdan","family":"Megat Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, National Defence University of Malaysia, Prime Camp, Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4057-9462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhamad","family":"Abu Bakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, National Defence University of Malaysia, Prime Camp, Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smaim.2021.11.005","article-title":"Recent advances in orthopedic polyetheretherketone biomaterials: Material fabrication and biofunction establishment","volume":"3","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13619-021-00104-5","article-title":"Insights into the present and future of cartilage regeneration and joint repair","volume":"11","author":"Evenbratt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Regen."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daou, F., Cochis, A., Leigheb, M., and Rimondini, L. (2021). Current Advances in the Regeneration of Degenerated Articular Cartilage: A Literature Review on Tissue Engineering and Its Recent Clinical Translation. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15010031"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Young, B.L., and Saltzman, B.M. (2022). Etiology of Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis in the Young Patient, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-91190-4_2"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.11.016","article-title":"Unilateral non-electric assistive walking device helps neurological and orthopedic patients to improve gait patterns","volume":"92","author":"Feodoroff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7638245","article-title":"New Insights into Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Improvement of Tissue-Scaffold Integration to Enhance Cartilage Regeneration","volume":"2022","author":"Jelodari","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, Y.-J., Cho, D.-W., and Lee, H. (2021). Development of Silk Fibroin Scaffolds by Using Indirect 3D-Bioprinting Technology. Micromachines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13010043"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Tan, P.-N., Steinbach, M., and Kumar, V. (2005). Introduction to Data Mining, Pearson. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110140","article-title":"Evaluating the evidentiary value of the analysis of skeletal trauma in forensic research: A review of research and practice","volume":"307","author":"Dempsey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2017.04.027","article-title":"Does increased prehospital time lead to a \u201ctrial of life\u201d effect for patients with blunt trauma?","volume":"216","author":"Clements","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2022.105632","article-title":"VX-11e protects articular cartilage and subchondral bone in osteoarthritis by inhibiting the RIP1\/RIP3\/MLKL and MAPK signaling pathways","volume":"120","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stephen, C., Behara, S.R., Shivamurthy, B., Selvam, R., Kannan, S., and Abbadi, M. (2022). Finite element study on the influence of fiber orientation on the high velocity impact behavior of fiber reinforced polymer composites. Int. J. Interact. Des. Manuf. (IJIDeM), 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12008-021-00808-7"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2021.06.055","article-title":"An analytical method to select appropriate linear and non-linear correlations on the effectiveness of penetration rate parameter towards mechanical specific energy","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eml.2017.06.001","article-title":"Reduced ballistic limit velocity of graphene membranes due to cone wave reflection","volume":"15","author":"Meng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Extreme Mech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2002.807565","article-title":"Resonance cone formation, reflection, refraction, and focusing in a planar anisotropic metamaterial","volume":"1","author":"Balmain","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2021.230674","article-title":"4D imaging of chemo-mechanical membrane degradation in polymer electrolyte fuel cells\u2014Part 1: Understanding and evading edge failures","volume":"520","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55712","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c16949","article-title":"Design and Characterization of Self-Lubricating Refractory High Entropy Alloy-Based Multilayered Films","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, Y.Y., Miskon, A., Ahmad Zaidi, A.M., Megat Ahmad, M.M.H., and Abu Bakar, M. (J. Funct. Biomater., 2022). Mechanical and Structural Strengths Analyses of Low Brass Filler Biomaterial for Articular Cartilage Scaffold Applications, J. Funct. Biomater., under revision.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15041421"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2021.104858","article-title":"Theoretical damage characterisation and damage evolution process of intact rocks based on linear energy dissipation law under uniaxial compression","volume":"146","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2021.113784","article-title":"Nanoscale periodic distribution of energy dissipation at the shear band plane in a Zr-based metallic glass","volume":"197","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2021.109216","article-title":"Interfacial energy dissipation in bio-inspired graphene nanocomposites","volume":"219","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.09.028","article-title":"Insights into fracture mechanisms and strength behaviors of two-dimensional carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide composites at elevated temperatures","volume":"42","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2021.108215","article-title":"The role of defects on tensile deformation and fracture mechanisms of AM AlSi10Mg alloy at room temperature and 250 \u00b0C","volume":"261","author":"Bao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2021.109323","article-title":"Numerical simulation of two-phase heat and mass transfer in fractured reservoirs based on projection-based embedded discrete fracture model (pEDFM)","volume":"208","author":"Rao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2021.111880","article-title":"Study on bagging effect and rupture failure of membrane structures","volume":"232","author":"Samy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2021.117451","article-title":"Mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of amorphous nanoporous silicon nitride membranes via combined atomistic simulations and experiments","volume":"222","author":"Shargh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2005.07.052","article-title":"An analysis of the membrane deflection experiment used in the investigation of mechanical properties of freestanding submicron thin films","volume":"43","author":"Peng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2021.114485","article-title":"Surface and interface effects on the bending behavior of nonlinear multilayered magnetoelectric nanostructures","volume":"275","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2005.07.006","article-title":"The effect of thin membrane restraint on the ballistic performance of armor grade ceramic tiles","volume":"34","author":"Sarva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dt.2020.05.001","article-title":"Delamination process in cross-ply UHMWPE laminates under ballistic penetration","volume":"17","author":"Mo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Def. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2021.111127","article-title":"The effects of internal stresses on the creep deformation investigated using in-situ synchrotron diffraction and crystal plasticity modelling","volume":"229","author":"Agius","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2020.12.231","article-title":"Correlation between growth behavior, internal stress distribution and properties of ZnO:Zn crystals grown by carbon-assisted chemical vapor transport","volume":"47","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Johnson, G., and Cook, W. (1983, January 19\u201321). LA-4167-MS Selected Hugoniots EOS. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Ballistics, The Hague, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Steinberg, D.J. (1991). Equation of State and Strength Properties of Selected Materials."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuka, D.A. (1984). HULL Users\u2019 Manual. Report AFATL-TR-84-59.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA145000"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"114388","article-title":"Mesh objective simulations of large strain ductile fracture: A new nonlocal Johnson-Cook damage formulation for the Total Lagrangian Material Point Method","volume":"389","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Middlebrooks, J.B., Farnan, E., Juliano, T.J., Matlis, E.H., Corke, T.C., Peck, M.M., and Semper, M. (2022). Cross-Flow Instability Experiments on a Swept Fin-Cone with Variable Nose Bluntness in Mach 6 Flow. AIAA SCITECH 2022 Forum, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2022-0598"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, M.A., and DeSpirito, J. (2022). The Influence of Adaptive Mesh Refinement on the Prediction of Vortex Interactions about a Generic Missile Airframe. AIAA SCITECH 2022 Forum, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2022-1177"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2021.126845","article-title":"Tipping points of a complex network biomass model: Local and global parameter variations","volume":"592","author":"Moghadam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. A Stat. Mech. Appl."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.camwa.2020.11.015","article-title":"Numerical simulation and analysis of the Swift\u2013Hohenberg equation by the stabilized Lagrange multiplier approach","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2021.104029","article-title":"A comparative study of finite element analysis of single-particle impact on mild steel with and without strain rate considered","volume":"159","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1177\/00219983211056736","article-title":"Experimental characterization of Mode II fatigue delamination growth onset in composite Joints","volume":"56","author":"Garpelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euromechsol.2021.104452","article-title":"Energy dissipation and effective properties of a nominally elastic composite material","volume":"92","author":"Shishvan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mech. A\/Solids"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/0731684407072522","article-title":"Effect of Particle Shape on Thermal Conductivity of Copper Reinforced Polymer Composites","volume":"26","author":"Tekce","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Reinf. Plast. Compos."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.09.414","article-title":"Tribological properties of filler and green filler reinforced polymer composites","volume":"50","author":"Saravanan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"370","article-title":"Investigation into the effects of fillers in polymer processing","volume":"4","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Light. Mater. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"112","article-title":"Bilayered scaffold with 3D printed stiff subchondral bony compartment to provide constant mechanical support for long-term cartilage regeneration","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Transl."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, W., Sun, M., Hu, X., Ren, B., Cheng, J., Li, C., Duan, X., Fu, X., Zhang, J., and Chen, H. (2017). Structurally and Functionally Optimized Silk-Fibroin-Gelatin Scaffold Using 3D Printing to Repair Cartilage Injury In Vitro and In Vivo. Adv. Mater., 29.","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201701089"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, Y.Y., Miskon, A., Zaidi, A.M.A., Megat Ahmad, M.M.H., and Abu Bakar, M. (2022). Structural Characterization Analyses of Low Brass Filler Biomaterial for Hard Tissue Implanted Scaffold Applications. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15041421"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, P. (1990). Properties of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys. Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials, ASM International.","DOI":"10.31399\/asm.hb.v02.a0001067"}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/13\/1\/20\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:23:41Z","timestamp":1760135021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/13\/1\/20"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jfb13010020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb13010020","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]}}}