{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T15:36:32Z","timestamp":1792164992197,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Congenital abnormalities, trauma, and disease result in significant demands for bone replacement in the craniofacial region and across the body. Tetra-compositions of organic and inorganic scaffolds could provide advantages for bone regeneration. This research aimed to fabricate and characterize amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP)\/calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH) with alginate\/cellulose composite scaffolds using 3D printing. Alginate\/cellulose gels were incorporated with 0%, 13%, 15%, 18%, 20%, and 23% ACP\/CSH using the one-pot process to improve morphological, physiochemical, mechanical, and biological properties. SEM displayed multi-staggered filament layers with mean pore sizes from 298 to 377 \u03bcm. A profilometer revealed mean surface roughness values from 43 to 62 nm that were not statistically different. A universal test machine displayed the highest compressive strength and modulus with a statistical significance in the 20% ACP\/CSH group. FTIR spectroscopy showed peaks in carbonate, phosphate, and sulfate groups that increased as more ACP\/CSH was added. Zero percent of ACP\/CSH showed the highest swelling and lowest remaining weight after degradation. The 23% ACP\/CSH groups cracked after 60 days. In vitro biocompatibility testing used the mouse osteoblast-like cell line MC3T3-E1. The 18% and 20% ACP\/CSH groups showed the highest cell proliferation on days five and seven. The 20% ACP\/CSH was most suitable for bone cell regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb13020047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T21:16:28Z","timestamp":1650921388000},"page":"47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["3D Printing of Calcium Phosphate\/Calcium Sulfate with Alginate\/Cellulose-Based Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration: Multilayer Fabrication and Characterization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8873-3617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nattanan","family":"Wattanaanek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthodontic Section, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srisurang","family":"Suttapreyasri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8429-9828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bancha","family":"Samruajbenjakun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthodontic Section, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3265","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.2006.12.3265","article-title":"Tissue engineering and developmental biology: Going biomimetic","volume":"12","author":"Ingber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1421","article-title":"Porous scaffold design for tissue engineering","volume":"4","author":"Hollister","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. 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