{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:26:19Z","timestamp":1790011579513,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]],"date-time":"2022-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the European Social Fund","award":["100310389"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100310389"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006298","name":"TU Dresden-based Young Researcher Group IndivImp","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["100310389"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100310389"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006298","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the German Academic Exchange Service DAAD","award":["100310389"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100310389"]}]},{"name":"the Graduate Academy of the TU Dresden","award":["100310389"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100310389"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The fabrication of patient-specific scaffolds for bone substitutes is possible through extrusion-based 3D printing of calcium phosphate cements (CPC) which allows the generation of structures with a high degree of customization and interconnected porosity. Given the brittleness of this clinically approved material, the stability of open-porous scaffolds cannot always be secured. Herein, a multi-technological approach allowed the simultaneous combination of CPC printing with melt electrowriting (MEW) of polycaprolactone (PCL) microfibers in an alternating, tunable design in one automated fabrication process. The hybrid CPC+PCL scaffolds with varying CPC strand distance (800\u20132000 \u00b5m) and integrated PCL fibers featured a strong CPC to PCL interface. While no adverse effect on mechanical stiffness was detected by the PCL-supported scaffold design; the microfiber integration led to an improved integrity. The pore distance between CPC strands was gradually increased to identify at which critical CPC porosity the microfibers would have a significant impact on pore bridging behavior and growth of seeded cells. At a CPC strand distance of 1600 \u00b5m, after 2 weeks of cultivation, the incorporation of PCL fibers led to pore coverage by a human mesenchymal stem cell line and an elevated proliferation level of murine pre-osteoblasts. The integrated fabrication approach allows versatile design adjustments on different levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb13020075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T02:25:33Z","timestamp":1654827933000},"page":"75","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["3D Plotting of Calcium Phosphate Cement and Melt Electrowriting of Polycaprolactone Microfibers in One Scaffold: A Hybrid Additive Manufacturing Process"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3151-3637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Kilian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden (TUD), 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"von Witzleben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden (TUD), 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Lanaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3576-1232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia S.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3160-2800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corina","family":"Vater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden (TUD), 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Lode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden (TUD), 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0423-4560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark C.","family":"Allenby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Woodruff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9075-5121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Gelinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden (TUD), 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25526","article-title":"3D printing from MRI Data: Harnessing strengths and minimizing weaknesses","volume":"45","author":"Ripley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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