{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T23:42:41Z","timestamp":1786578161005,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["12172239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12172239"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objective: Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are the most common form of congenital heart defects. The incidence of VSD accounts for 40% of all congenital heart defects (CHDs). With the development of interventional therapy technology, transcatheter VSD closure was introduced as an alternative to open heart surgery. Clinical trials of VSD occluders have yielded promising results, and with the development of new material technologies, biodegradable materials have been introduced into the application of occluders. At present, the research on the mechanical properties of occluders is focused on experimental and clinical trials, and numerical simulation is still a considerable challenge due to the braided nature of the VSD occluder. Finite element analysis (FEA) has proven to be a valid and efficient method to virtually investigate and optimize the mechanical behavior of minimally invasive devices. The objective of this study is to explore the axial resistive performance through experimental and computational testing, and to present the systematic evaluation of the effect of various material and braid parameters by FEA. Methods: In this study, an experimental test was used to investigate the axial resistive force (ARF) of VSD Nitinol occluders under axial displacement loading (ADL), then the corresponding numerical simulation was developed and compared with the experimental results to verify the effectiveness. Based on the above validation, numerical simulations of VSD occluders with different materials (polydioxanone (PDO) and Nitinol with different austenite moduli) and braid parameters (wire density, wire diameter, and angle between left and right discs) provided a clear presentation of mechanical behaviors that included the maximal axial resistive force (MARF), maximal axial displacement (MAD) and initial axial stiffness (IAS), the stress distribution and the maximum principal strain distribution of the device under ADL. Results: The results showed that: (1) In the experimental testing, the axial resistive force (ARF) of the tested occluder, caused by axial displacement loading (ADL), was recorded and it increased linearly from 0 to 4.91 N before reducing. Subsequent computational testing showed that a similar performance in the ARF was experienced, albeit that the peak value of ARF was smaller. (2) The investigated design parameters of wire density, wire diameter and the angle between the left and right discs demonstrated an effective improvement (7.59%, 9.48%, 1.28%, respectively, for MARF, and 1.28%, 1.80%, 3.07%, respectively, for IAS) for the mechanical performance for Nitinol occluders. (3) The most influencing factor was the material; the performance rose by 30% as the Nitinol austenite modulus (EA) increased by 10,000 MPa. The performance of Nitinol was better than that of PDO for certain wire diameters, and the performance improved more obviously (1.80% for Nitinol and 0.64% for PDO in IAS, 9.48% for Nitinol and 2.00% for PDO in MARF) with the increase in wire diameter. (4) For all of the models, the maximum stresses under ADL were distributed at the edge of the disc on the loaded side of the occluders. Conclusions: The experimental testing presented in the study showed that the mechanical performance of the Nitinol occluder and the MARF prove that it has sufficient ability to resist falling out from its intended placement. This study also represents the first experimentally validated computational model of braided occluders, and provides a perception of the influence of geometrical and material parameters in these systems. The results could further provide meaningful suggestions for the design of biodegradable VSD closure devices and to realize a series of applications for biodegradable materials in VSD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb13040182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T20:49:31Z","timestamp":1665348571000},"page":"182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Finite Element Investigation on Material and Design Parameters of Ventricular Septal Defect Occluder Devices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinpeng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Shape Memory Alloy Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuying","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Shape Memory Alloy Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianchun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Shape Memory Alloy Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Shape Memory Alloy Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2412-6762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunbing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8931-8079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mechanics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)01886-7","article-title":"The incidence of congenital heart disease","volume":"39","author":"Hoffman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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