{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:51:24Z","timestamp":1787028684535,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2019YFC0119200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC0119200"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["52005045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52005045"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["L192018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L192018"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2019YFC0119200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC0119200"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52005045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52005045"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["L192018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L192018"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","award":["2019YFC0119200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC0119200"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","award":["52005045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52005045"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","award":["L192018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L192018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study is to obtain the digital twin parameters of the thyroid gland and to build a constitutional model of the thyroid gland based on continuum mechanics, which will lay the foundation for the establishment of a surgical training system for the thyroid surgery robot and the development of the digital twin of the thyroid gland. First, thyroid parenchyma was obtained from fresh porcine thyroid tissue and subjected to quasi-static unconfined uniaxial compression tests using a biomechanical test platform with two strain rates (0.005 s\u22121 and 0.05 s\u22121) and two loading orientations (perpendicular to the thyroid surface and parallel to the thyroid surface). Based on this, a tensile thyroid model was established to simulate the stretching process by using the finite element method. The thyroid stretching test was carried out under the same parameters to verify the validity of the hyperelastic constitutive model. The quasi-static mechanical property parameters of the thyroid tissue were obtained by a quasi-static unconstrained uniaxial compression test, and a constitutional model that can describe the quasi-static mechanical properties of thyroid tissue was proposed based on the principle of continuum media mechanics, which is of great value for the establishment of a surgical training system for the head and neck surgery robot and for the development of the thyroid digital twin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb13040283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T02:50:51Z","timestamp":1670554251000},"page":"283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Quasi-Static Mechanical Properties and Continuum Constitutive Model of the Thyroid Gland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0005-5445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 110192, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 110192, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Likun","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education\/Beijing), Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinjian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 110192, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoguo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education\/Beijing), Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7171-5239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 110192, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2021.0525","article-title":"Surgeons\u2019 Attitudes on Total Thyroidectomy vs Lobectomy for Management of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma","volume":"147","author":"Rosko","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Oquendo, Y.A., Chua, Z., Coad, M.M., Nisky, I., Jarc, A.M., Wren, S.M., Lendvay, T.S., and Okamura, A.M. (2021). Robot-Assisted Surgical Training Over Several Days in a Virtual Surgical Environment with Divergent and Convergent Force Fields. Proc. Hamlyn Symp. Med. Robot., 81\u201382."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lers.2022.03.002","article-title":"Robotic cardiac surgery training during residency: Preparing residents for the inevitable future","volume":"5","author":"Vinck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Laparosc. Endosc. Robot. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"904","article-title":"Surgical resident training in Pakistan and benefits of simulation based training","volume":"70","author":"Ujala","year":"2020","journal-title":"JPMA. J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(1970). Strength of Biological Materials, Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Thibault, L.E., and Gennarelli, T.A. (1985, January 1\u20134). Biomechanics of Diffuse Brain Injuries. Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles (ESV), Oxford, UK."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Duma, S.M., Stitzel, J.D., Hardy, W.N., and Sparks, J.L. (2010). Characterizing the Biomechanical Response of the Liver, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2010.09.007","article-title":"Dynamic compressive response of bovine liver tissues","volume":"4","author":"Pervin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2012.07.010","article-title":"Jacques Marescaux, Remy Willinger. Experimental mechanical characterization of abdominal organs: Liver, kidney & spleen","volume":"17","author":"Umale","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.03.038","article-title":"Mechanical characterization of liver capsule through uniaxial quasi-static tensile tests until failure","volume":"43","author":"Brunon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.10.022","article-title":"Biomechanical response of human spleen in tensile loading","volume":"45","author":"Kemper","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2013.09.016","article-title":"Correlation between the mechanical and histological properties of liver tissue","volume":"29","author":"Yarpuzlu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"S107","article-title":"Numerical simulation and identification of macroscopic vascularised liver behaviour: Case of indentation tests","volume":"28","author":"Kugler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2016.06.020","article-title":"Demonstration of concurrent tensile testing and magnetic resonance elastography","volume":"63","author":"Brinker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3233\/BIR-16091","article-title":"Viscoelastic properties of normal rat liver measured by ultrasound elastography: Comparison with oscillatory rheometry","volume":"53","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biorheology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0954406219875771","article-title":"A visco-hyperelastic constitutive model of short- and long-term viscous effects on isotropic soft tissues","volume":"234","author":"Matin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part C J. Mech. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2021.104339","article-title":"A porohyperviscoelastic model for the shear wave elastography of the liver","volume":"150","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.08.055","article-title":"Sample, testing and analysis variables affecting liver mechanical properties: A review","volume":"45","author":"Mattei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.03.077","article-title":"Effect of inter-species, gender, and breeding on the mechanical behavior of brain tissue","volume":"54","author":"Pervin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2020.104279","article-title":"Mechanical response of porcine hind leg muscles under dynamic tensile loading","volume":"115","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.843421","article-title":"Optimization of Left Ventricle Pace Maker Location Using Echo-Based Fluid-Structure Interaction Models","volume":"13","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"4","article-title":"Parametric characterization of the Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic intrinsic model of rubber","volume":"A02","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Noise Vib. Control"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.5254\/1.3538343","article-title":"Some Forms of the Strain Energy Function for Rubber","volume":"66","author":"Yeoh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rubber Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"7","article-title":"A continuous medium intrinsic model for skeletal muscle at variable strain rates","volume":"36","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"26","article-title":"Large Deformation Isotropic Elasticity-On the Correlation of Theory and Experiment for Incompressible Rubberlike Solids","volume":"326","author":"Ogden","year":"1972","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. A Math."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2021.103020","article-title":"Large deformation near a crack tip in a fiber-reinforced neo-Hookean sheet with discrete and continuous distributions of fiber orientations\u2014ScienceDirect","volume":"114","author":"Stasio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"10","article-title":"Establishment of hyperelastic-viscoplastic model and structural dynamic response of rubber","volume":"45","author":"Chu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Beijing Univ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"10","article-title":"Evaluation of the fitting effect of the hyperelasticity constitutive model of polyurethane rubber","volume":"42","author":"Guan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Q. J. Mech."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2020.104038","article-title":"Hyperelastic and viscoelastic characterisation of hepatic tissue under uniaxial tension in time and frequency domain","volume":"112","author":"Estermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-022-01612-2","article-title":"Shear stress and intravascular pressure effects on vascular dynamics: Two-phase blood flow in elastic microvessels accounting for the passive stresses","volume":"21","author":"Giannokostas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"73","article-title":"Corneal hyper-viscoelastic model: Derivations, experiments, and simulations","volume":"17","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Bioeng. Biomech."}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/13\/4\/283\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:36:26Z","timestamp":1760146586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/13\/4\/283"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jfb13040283"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb13040283","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-4983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]]}}}