{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T11:39:39Z","timestamp":1783597179845,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IP-2019-04-6183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-2019-04-6183"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the study was to evaluate microhardness, mass changes during 1-year water immersion, water sorption\/solubility, and calcium phosphate precipitation of experimental composites functionalized with 5\u201340 wt% of two types of bioactive glass (BG): 45S5 or a customized low-sodium fluoride-containing formulation. Vickers microhardness was evaluated after simulated aging (water storage and thermocycling), water sorption and solubility were tested according to ISO 4049, and calcium phosphate precipitation was studied by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. For the composites containing BG 45S5, a significant reduction in microhardness was observed with increasing BG amount. In contrast, 5 wt% of the customized BG resulted in statistically similar microhardness to the control material, while higher BG amounts (20 and 40 wt%) resulted in a significant improvement in microhardness. Water sorption was more pronounced for composites containing BG 45S5, increasing 7-fold compared to the control material, while the corresponding increase for the customized BG was only 2-fold. Solubility increased with higher amounts of BG, with an abrupt increase at 20 and 40 wt% of BG 45S5. Calcium phosphate was precipitated by all composites with BG amounts of 10 wt% or more. The improved properties of the composites functionalized with the customized BG indicate better mechanical, chemical, and dimensional stability without compromising the potential for calcium phosphate precipitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14060298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T16:17:33Z","timestamp":1685204253000},"page":"298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Water-Induced Changes in Experimental Resin Composites Functionalized with Conventional (45S5) and Customized Bioactive Glass"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alen","family":"Muradbegovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Muradbegovi\u0107 Dental Clinic, Malko\u010deva 3, 75000 Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2846-1840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matej","family":"Par","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gunduliceva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vlatko","family":"Panduric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gunduliceva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Zugec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gunduliceva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias T.","family":"Taub\u00f6ck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Attin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zrinka","family":"Tarle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gunduliceva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3104-5749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danijela","family":"Marovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gunduliceva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.12.001","article-title":"Functional fillers for dental resin composites","volume":"122","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yun, J., Burrow, M.F., Matinlinna, J.P., Wang, Y., and Tsoi, J.K.H. 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