{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T11:14:44Z","timestamp":1788866084183,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Derived Hench bioactive glass (BaG) containing boron (B) is explored in this work as it plays an important role in bone development and regeneration. B was also found to enhance BaG dissociation. However, it is only possible to incorporate a limited amount of B. To increase the amount of B in BaG, bioactive borosilicate glasses (BaG-Bx) were fabricated based on the use of the solution-gelation process (sol-gel). In this work, a high B content (20 wt.%) in BaG, respecting the conditions of bioactivity and biodegradability required by Hench, was achieved for the first time. The capability of BaG-Bx to form an apatite phase was assessed in vitro by immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF). Then, the chemical structure and the morphological changes in the fabricated BaG-Bx (x = 0, 5, 10 and 20) were studied. The formation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) layer was observed with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The presence of HAp layer was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Enhanced bioactivity and chemical stability of BaG-Bx were evaluated with an ion exchange study based on Inductively Coupled Plasma\u2013Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Results indicate that by increasing the concentration of B in BaG-Bx, the crystallization rate and the quality of the newly formed HAp layer on BaG-Bx surfaces can be improved. The presence of B also leads to enhanced degradation of BaGs in SBF. Accordingly, BAG-Bx can be used for bone regeneration, especially in children, because of its faster degradation as compared to B-free glass.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14070364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T01:01:41Z","timestamp":1689123701000},"page":"364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["High Boron Content Enhances Bioactive Glass Biodegradation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Amina","family":"Gharbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEM Lab, National Engineering School of Sfax, Sfax University, Sfax 3018, Tunisia"},{"name":"LT2S Lab, Digital Research Centre of Sfax, Technopole of Sfax, P.O. Box 275, Sfax 3000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassane","family":"Oudadesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISCR, University of Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226, 35042 Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hafedh","family":"el Feki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, Sfax University, Sfax 3018, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8907-0379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wissem","family":"Cheikhrouhou-Koubaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LT2S Lab, Digital Research Centre of Sfax, Technopole of Sfax, P.O. Box 275, Sfax 3000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xanthippi","family":"Chatzistavrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7953-1853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julietta","family":"V. Rau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM-CNR), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Analytical, Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5996-5144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jyrki","family":"Hein\u00e4m\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0112-3494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iulian","family":"Antoniac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, SIM 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nureddin","family":"Ashammakhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2875-562X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nabil","family":"Derbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEM Lab, National Engineering School of Sfax, Sfax University, Sfax 3018, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(15)30050-4","article-title":"Bone printing: New frontiers in the treatment of bone defect","volume":"46","author":"Arealis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2393","article-title":"A doxycycline inducible, adenoviral bone morphogenetic protein-2 gene delivery system to bone","volume":"12","author":"Bara","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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