{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:29:55Z","timestamp":1760149795494,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018712","name":"\u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Romania","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["35.188\/17.12.2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["35.188\/17.12.2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018712","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JFB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alternative techniques have been investigated for effectiveness in caries removal because conventional metallic dental burs can lead to an excessive loss of sound tissue. The aim of the present study is to realize a preliminary approach in obtaining effective polymer mixtures for polymeric bur development, capable of removing primary dental caries using combinations of polymers to ensure the requirements for such instruments, but also a greater compatibility with the teeth structure. This study assessed the main mechanical properties, water sorption, solubility and microscopic structure of four new polymer mixture recipes to provide essential features in obtaining experimental self-limited dental burs. Two mixtures have in their composition polymer mixtures of Bis-phenol A diglycidyl ether dimethacrylate\/Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate\/Urethane dimethacrylates (R1, R2), and two other mixtures have Bis-phenol A diglycidyl ether dimethacrylate\/Polymethyl methacrylate\/Methyl methacrylates (R3, R4). The incorporation of nanoparticles into the polymer matrix has become essential due to the need of polymer biocompatibility increasing along with teeth surface remineralization, so that the powder charge was added to four recipes, such as 5% glass with BaF2 and 0.5% graphene with silver particles. All data sets were analyzed using the One-Way ANOVA test. R3, R4 showed higher compressive strength and diametrical compression values; these values increased when glass and graphene were added. Moreover, the addition of glass particles lead to an increase in flexural strength. Regarding the sorption, sample R3 had the most significant differences between day 69 and the rest of the investigation days, while the solubility varied at different intervals. From the mechanical evaluation, we could conclude that the Bis-GMA\/PMMA\/MMA mixtures fit the mechanical characteristics supported by polymer burs, following future studies regarding their use on the affected dentin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14090447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T10:09:49Z","timestamp":1693390189000},"page":"447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Polymer Mixtures for Experimental Self-Limited Dental Burs Development\u2014A Preliminary Approach (Part 1)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Radu Marcel","family":"Chisnoiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Odontology, Endodontics and Oral Pathology, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 33 Mo\u021bilor Street, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandrina","family":"Muntean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pedodontics, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 31 Avram Iancu Street, 400083 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ovidiu","family":"P\u0103strav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Odontology, Endodontics and Oral Pathology, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 33 Mo\u021bilor Street, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3356-9178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea Maria","family":"Chisnoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 32 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9812-695X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanca","family":"Cuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cRaluca Ripan\u201d Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babes-Bolyai University, 30 Fantanele Street, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Silaghi Dumitrescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cRaluca Ripan\u201d Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babes-Bolyai University, 30 Fantanele Street, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"P\u0103strav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 31 Avram Iancu Street, 400083 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doina","family":"Prodan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cRaluca Ripan\u201d Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babes-Bolyai University, 30 Fantanele Street, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ada Gabriela","family":"Delean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Odontology, Endodontics and Oral Pathology, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 33 Mo\u021bilor Street, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2013.03.003","article-title":"Digital image analysis method to assess the performance of conventional and self-limiting concepts in dentine caries removal","volume":"41","author":"Toledano","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"678","article-title":"New device for selective dentin caries removal","volume":"34","author":"Boston","year":"2003","journal-title":"Quintessence Int."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-019-0205-9","article-title":"Histological determination of cariously altered collagen after dentin caries excavation with the polymer bur PolyBur P1 in comparison to a conventional bud bur","volume":"15","author":"Lohmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Head. Face Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2005.0237","article-title":"Removing carious dentin using a polymer instrument without anesthesia versus a carbide bur with anesthesia","volume":"136","author":"Allen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927612000074","article-title":"Differential Resin-Dentin Bonds Created after Caries Removal with Polymer Burs","volume":"18","author":"Toledano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microsc. Microanal."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"672","article-title":"Polymer burs remove less sound dentin and are as effective as carbide burs in caries removal","volume":"129","author":"Andrade","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tex. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4236\/ojst.2012.21002","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of dentin caries removal with polymer bur and conventional burs\u2014An in vitro study","volume":"2","author":"Shakya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open J. Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-4388.199232","article-title":"Comparison of efficacy of caries removal using polymer bur and chemomechanical caries removal agent: A clinical and microbiological assessment\u2014An in vivo study","volume":"35","author":"Aswathi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Indian. Soc. Pedod. Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"7","article-title":"Current Concepts and Techniques for Caries Excavation and Adhesion to Residual Dentin","volume":"13","author":"Nevesa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Dent."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5005\/jcdp-10-4-26","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of polyamide polymer burs for selective carious dentin removal","volume":"10","author":"Prabhakar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"32","article-title":"Dental Poly(methyl methacrylate)-Based Resin Containing a Nanoporous Silica Filler","volume":"13","author":"Kentaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. FunctBiomater."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"09673911231175597","article-title":"Monomer elution model of composite resin material","volume":"31","author":"Petronijevic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polym. Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"646143","article-title":"The Effect of UDMA\/TEGDMA Mixtures and Bioglass Incorporation on the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Resin and Resin-Based Composite Materials","volume":"2014","author":"Nicolae","year":"2014","journal-title":"Conf. Pap. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bacali, C., Badea, M., Moldovan, M., Sarosi, C., Nastase, V., Baldea, I., Chiorean, R.S., and Constantiniuc, M. (2019). The Influence of Graphene in Improvement of Physico-Mechanical Properties in PMMA Denture Base Resins. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12142335"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.J., Yoon, S.J., and Jeon, I.Y. (2022). Graphene\/Polymer Nanocomposites: Preparation, Mechanical Properties, and Application. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14214733"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3390\/ma3010076","article-title":"Dental Glass Ionomer Cements as Permanent Filling Materials? \u2013Properties, Limitations and Future Trends","volume":"3","author":"Lohbauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-019-01986-y","article-title":"Nanometals in dentistry: Applications and toxicological implications\u2014A systematic review","volume":"197","author":"Agnihotri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2020.04.009","article-title":"Alternative monomer for BisGMA-free resin composites formulations","volume":"36","author":"Fugolin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10554","article-title":"Optimal resin monomer ratios for light-cured dental resins","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Helion"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2022.110985","article-title":"Synthesis and performance of experimental resin-based dental adhesives reinforced with functionalized graphene and hydroxyapatite fillers","volume":"221","author":"Ilie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2020.103557","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of graphene oxide-zirconia (GO-ZrO2) and hydroxyapatite-zirconia (HA-ZrO2) nano-fillers for resin-based composites for load-bearing applications","volume":"105","author":"Ilie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prodan, D., Moldovan, M., Furtos, G., Saro\u0219i, C., Filip, M., Perhai\u021ba, I., Carpa, R., Popa, M., Cuc, S., and Varvara, S. (2021). Synthesis and Characterization of Some Graphene Oxide Powders Used as Additives in Hydraulic Mortars. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app112311330"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2019). Dentistry-Polymer-Based Filling, Restorative and Luting Materials (Standard No. ISO Standard 4049)."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barszczewska-Rybarek, I.M., Chr\u00f3szcz, M.W., and Chladek, G. (2020). Novel urethane-dimethacrylate monomers and compositions for use as matrices in dental restorative materials. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072644"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2019.02.024","article-title":"Development of a new class of self-healing and therapeutic dental resins","volume":"163","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szczesio-Wlodarczyk, A., Domarecka, M., Kopacz, K., Sokolowski, J., and Bociong, K. (2021). An Evaluation of the Properties of Urethane Dimethacrylate-Based Dental Resins. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14112727"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Angelis, F., Vadini, M., Buonvivere, M., Valerio, A., Di Cosola, M., Piattelli, A., Biferi, V., and D\u2019Arcangelo, C. (2023). In Vitro Mechanical Properties of a Novel Graphene-Reinforced PMMA-Based Dental Restorative Material. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15030622"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12633","article-title":"Methacrylate perspective in current dental practice","volume":"32","author":"Bishop","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. EsthetRestor Dent."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12665","article-title":"Graphene Oxide-based Experimental Silane Primers Enhance Shear Bond Strength between Resin Composite and Zirconia","volume":"127","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"670","article-title":"Improving PMMA Resin Using Graphene Oxide for a Definitive Prosthodontic Rehabilitation\u2014A Clinical Report","volume":"11","author":"Azevedo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2017.07.004","article-title":"Mechanical properties of graphene and graphene-based nanocomposites","volume":"90","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zafar, M.S. (2020). Prosthodontic Applications of Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA): An Update. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12102299"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2004.04.003","article-title":"Residual methyl methacrylate monomer, water sorption, and water solubility of hypoallergenic denture base materials","volume":"92","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Prosthe. Dent."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2005.09.036","article-title":"Flexural strengths of fiber-reinforced composites polymerized with conventional light-curing and additional postcuring","volume":"132","author":"Cacciafesta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.11607\/prd.5736","article-title":"Accelerated Fatigue Resistance of Bonded Composite Resin and Lithium Disilicate Screw-Retained Incisor Crowns with Long and Short Titanium Bases","volume":"42","author":"Razaghy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Periodontics Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-3077.181387","article-title":"Efficacy of polishing kits on the surface roughness and color stability of different composite resins","volume":"20","author":"Aslan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hada, T., Kanazawa, M., Iwaki, M., Katheng, A., and Minakuchi, S. (2021). Comparison of Mechanical Properties of PMMA Disks for Digitally Designed Dentures. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13111745"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2023.05.008","article-title":"Novel mechanically strong and antibacterial dimethacrylate copolymers based on quaternary ammonium urethane-dimethacrylate analogues","volume":"39","author":"Chladek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"3081","article-title":"Evaluation of abrasive wear resistance of polymethyl methacrylate material reinforced with zirconium and dental stone","volume":"11","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Invent. Today"}],"container-title":["Journal of Functional Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/14\/9\/447\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:42:10Z","timestamp":1760128930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-4983\/14\/9\/447"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jfb14090447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb14090447","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-4983"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-4983"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]}}}